Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly complex structures composed of diverse classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and polyphenolics, which have numerous roles throughout the life of a plant. Significant research efforts aim to understand the biology of this cellular organelle and to facilitate cell-wall-based industrial applications. To accomplish this, researchers need to be provided with a variety of sensitive and specific detection methods for separate cell wall components, and their various molecular characteristics in vitro as well as in situ. Cell wall component-directed molecular detection probes (in short: cell wall probes, CWPs) are an essential asset to the plant glycobiology toolbox. To date, a relatively large set of CWPs has been produced—mainly consisting of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, synthetic antibodies produced by phage display, and small molecular probes. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about these CWPs; their classification and their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. In particular, we elaborate on the recent advances in non-conventional approaches to the generation of novel CWPs, and identify the remaining gaps in terms of target recognition. This report also highlights the addition of new “compartments” to the probing toolbox, which is filled with novel chemical biology tools, such as metabolic labeling reagents and oligosaccharide conjugates. In the end, we also forecast future developments in this dynamic field.
Highlights
TO TOOLS FOR PROBING CELL WALLSPlant cell walls play an important role in numerous cellular functions and developmental processes including the mediation of cell-to-cell adhesion, provision of mechanical support, and interaction with pathogens and the environment (Albersheim et al, 2010; Wolf et al, 2012; Malinovsky et al, 2014; Chebli and Geitmann, 2017; Höfte and Voxeur, 2017)
A dramatic increase in the panel of available click chemistry-enabled monomers has been reported in the past 2 years and encompasses almost the whole spectrum of monosaccharides. It includes azido-3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO), which is incorporated into rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) chains (Dumont et al, 2016), and alkyne-glucose (McClosky et al, 2016), which is incorporated into a non-specified component of the root hair cell walls and arrests their growth (Figure 7C)
Recent progress in plant glycobiology, chemical biology, and HTP analytical methods has expanded the probing tool box plant researchers can use in their studies
Summary
Plant cell walls play an important role in numerous cellular functions and developmental processes including the mediation of cell-to-cell adhesion, provision of mechanical support, and interaction with pathogens and the environment (Albersheim et al, 2010; Wolf et al, 2012; Malinovsky et al, 2014; Chebli and Geitmann, 2017; Höfte and Voxeur, 2017). CWPs can be used to detect various cell wall components (their relative abundance and structural alterations) in a HTP manner, whilst simultaneously providing insights into their molecular structure and interactions with other glycans. In 2013, it was reported that the KM1 and KM2 antibodies could recognize two distinct phenolic linkages present in lignin (Kiyoto et al, 2013), representing an important, but hitherto relatively overlooked, addition to CWPs related to cell wall components of land plants. RGI related linear chain of (1→ 4)-linked Gal and (1→ 5)-linked Ara Arabinogalactan epitope on RG-I and AGP
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