Abstract
BackgroundNorovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis affecting all age group people in the world. Genetic recombination is a common occurance in RNA viruses and many recombinant NoV strains have been described since it was first reported in 1997. However, the knowledge of recombinant NoV in China is extremely limited.MethodsA total of 685 stool specimens were tested for NoV infection from the acute gastroenteritis patients who visited one general hospital in Beijing from April 2009 to November 2011. The virus recombination was identified by constructing phylogenetic trees of two genes, further SimPlot and the maximum chi-square analysis.ResultsThe overall positive rate was 9.6% (66/685). GII.4 New Orleans 2009 and GII.4 2006b variants were the dominant genotype. Four GII.g/GII.12 and one GII.12/GII.3 recombinant strains were confirmed, and all derived from adult outpatients. The predictive recombination point occurred at the open reading frame (ORF)1/ORF2 overlap.ConclusionsThe GII.g ORF1/GII.12ORF2 recombinant has been reported in several countries and it was the first report of this recombinant in China.
Highlights
The GII.g ORF1/GII.12ORF2 recombinant has been reported in several countries and it was the first report of this recombinant in China
Norovirus (NoV), of the genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae, was first detected in samples derived from an outbreak at a school in Norwalk, OH, in 1968 and the virus was observed under the immune electron microscopy (IEM) in 1972[1]
While using the partial gene of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (ORF1) to classify above 42 specimens, 29 strains were classified into the same genotype as VP1 (Figure. 2), but 12 were not unanimous, indicating pupative recombination or mixed infection (1 sample was failed to be further classified due to limited template)
Summary
Norovirus (NoV), of the genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae, was first detected in samples derived from an outbreak at a school in Norwalk, OH, in 1968 and the virus was observed under the immune electron microscopy (IEM) in 1972[1]. NoV has been recognized as the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries, affecting both children and adults[2]. NoV is a nonenveloped positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of approximate 7.5 kb[5]. ORF1 encodes non-structural protein including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). ORF2 encodes major capsid protein (VP1) that contains a N-terminal arm, a shell or S-domain and a protrusion or P-domain. ORF3 encodes minor capsid protein (VP2)[7,8]. NoV can be grouped into five genogroups, GI–GV and only GI, GIIand GIV can infect humans, of which GIIis the most common. Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis affecting all age group people in the world. The knowledge of recombinant NoV in China is extremely limited
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