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Several ( 1 Caspi A. McClay J. Moffitt T.E. Mill J. Martin J. Craig I.W. et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002; 297: 851-854 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3443) Google Scholar , 2 Foley D.L. Eaves L.J. Wormley B. Silberg J.L. Maes H.H. Kuhn J. Riley B. Childhood adversity, monoamine oxidase a genotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61: 738-744 Crossref PubMed Scopus (452) Google Scholar , 3 Huang Y.Y. Cate S.P. Battistuzzi C. Oquendo M.A. Brent D. Mann J.J. An association between a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase a gene promoter, impulsive traits and early abuse experiences. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004; 29: 1498-1505 Crossref PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar , 4 Kim-Cohen J. Caspi A. Taylor A. Williams B. Newcombe R. Craig I.W. Moffitt T.E. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006; 11: 903-913 Crossref PubMed Scopus (878) Google Scholar , 5 Nilsson K.W. Sjoberg R.L. Damberg M. Leppert J. Ohrvik J. Alm P.O. et al. Role of monoamine oxidase A genotype and psychosocial factors in male adolescent criminal activity. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59: 121-127 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar , 6 Sjoberg R.L. Nilsson K.W. Wargelius H.L. Leppert J. Lindstrom L. Oreland L. Adolescent girls and criminal activity: Role of MAOA-LPR genotype and psychosocial factors. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007; 144: 159-164 Crossref Scopus (110) Google Scholar , 7 Widom C.S. Brzustowicz L.M. MAOA and the “Cycle of Violence:” Childhood Abuse and Neglect, MAOA Genotype, and Risk for Violent and Antisocial Behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 60: 684-689 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (286) Google Scholar ), but not all ( 8 Haberstick B.C. Lessem J.M. Hopfer C.J. Smolen A. Ehringer M.A. Timberlake D. Hewitt J.K. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005; 135: 59-64 Crossref Scopus (228) Google Scholar , 9 Huizinga D. Haberstick B.C. Smolen A. Menard S. Young S.E. Corley R.P. et al. Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotype. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 60: 677-683 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar ) studies examining genetic and environmental predictors of sociopathy have demonstrated an interaction between a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene and abuse experiences in conferring vulnerability for the development of antisocial behavior. As noted by Dr. Persaud ( 10 Persaud R (in press): Failure to replicate gene-environment interactions in psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry Google Scholar ), the results are not monolithic. Results of a recent meta-analyses, however, support the conclusion that the MAOA gene moderates risk for sociopathy associated with a history of early adversity ( 4 Kim-Cohen J. Caspi A. Taylor A. Williams B. Newcombe R. Craig I.W. Moffitt T.E. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006; 11: 903-913 Crossref PubMed Scopus (878) Google Scholar ). Failure to Replicate Gene–Environment Interactions in PsychopathologyBiological PsychiatryVol. 62Issue 5PreviewKaufman’s (2006) editorial, along with the empirical papers in that issue of Biological Psychiatry devoted to the subject, advanced various arguments as to why this relatively young field of gene–environment interactions remains a stubborn mix of positive and negative findings accompanying a lack of reliable replication. Full-Text PDF