Abstract

Our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of the climate-relevant trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Peruvian upwelling system is still limited. Here we present, oceanic and atmospheric DMS measurements which were made during two shipborne cruises in December 2012 (M91) and October 2015 (SO243) in the Peruvian upwelling region. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were also measured during M91. Relatively low DMS concentrations were measured in surface waters in October 2015 (1.9 ± 0.9 nmol L−1) and December 2012 (2.5 ± 1.9 nmol L−1). Nutrient availability appeared to be the main driver of the observed variability in the surface DMS distributions in the coastal areas. DMS, DMSP and DMSO showed maxima in the surface layer and no elevated concentrations associated with the oxygen minimum zone off Peru were measured. The possible role of DMS, DMSP and DMSO as radical scavengers (stimulated by nitrogen limitation) is supported by their negative correlations with N : P (sum of nitrate and nitrite: dissolved phosphate) ratios. Large variations in atmospheric DMS mole fractions were measured during M91 (144.6 ± 95.0 ppt) and SO243 (91.4 ± 55.8 ppt); however, the atmospheric mole fractions were generally low, and the sea-to-air flux density was primarily driven by seawater DMS. The Peruvian upwelling region was identified as a source of atmospheric DMS in December 2012 and October 2015, however, in comparison to the global monthly Lana climatology (mean: 6.2–9.8 μmol m−2 d−1 in October/December) (Lana et al., 2011), the Peru upwelling was not a hotspot of DMS emissions at either time (M91: 5.9 ± 5.3 μmol m−2 d−1; SO243: 3.8 ± 2.7 μmol m−2 d−1).

Highlights

  • The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is mainly produced in the marine environment and serves as one of the most abundant biogenic atmospheric sulfur sources, transferring approximately 28.1 Tg sulfur from the oceans into the atmosphere annually as estimated by Lana et al (2011)

  • Large variations were determined in seawater DMS concentrations off Peru upwelling

  • Anticorrelations were found between nutrient availability and sulfur compounds, which may reinforce their potential roles as antioxidants in response to oxidative stress

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Summary

Introduction

The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is mainly produced in the marine environment and serves as one of the most abundant biogenic atmospheric sulfur sources, transferring approximately 28.1 Tg sulfur from the oceans into the atmosphere annually as estimated by Lana et al (2011). DMS can be oxidized to form sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, which, in turn, play an important role in regulating Earth’s climate via altering cloud properties and modulating cloud albedo (Stefels et al, 2007). Oceanic DMS is mainly produced from its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is synthesized in phytoplankton cells and released into the seawater by senescence, virus attacks, and grazing (Stefels et al, 2007). Cellular DMSP concentrations vary in different phytoplankton groups: dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes are major DMSP producers, whereas diatoms produce less DMSP (Keller, 1989).

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