Reply on RC2

Abstract

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> In-situ bioremediation techniques are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable. This study examined a large-scale in-situ treatment of an unsaturated zone and a local groundwater system that were heavily contaminated with perchlorate and other co-contaminants, including nitrate, chlorate, and RDX. Principally, the upper section of the unsaturated zone was used as a bioreactor for treating the deep unsaturated zone and groundwater. The treatment was based on a cyclic process that included pumping contaminated groundwater, adding an essential electron donor, and injecting the amended water back into the top-soil, which was used as a bioreactor in the treatment process. In the shallow soil, the local bacteria reduced the perchlorate to chloride and water, and the treated water continued to displace the major pollutants from the deep part of the vadose zone, where the biological potential for contaminant degradation is low, towards the water table. The contaminated leachates were pumped back to the surface with polluted groundwater as part of the cyclic treatment process. Results show that the other co-contaminants, including nitrate, chlorate, and RDX, were removed. Water flow and reactive transport models were calibrated and validated against a time series of the water contents and bromide and perchlorate concentrations that were obtained across the unsaturated zone using the VMS. The calibrated models enabled quantifying the clean-up process and estimating the required time for full perchlorate removal. According to the model's predictions, after 700 days of continuous operation, all the perchlorate, in a total amount of 7754 kg, would be removed from the unsaturated zone. To obtain full removal, the modelling simulations suggest that the in-situ bioremediation should be implemented for an additional 200 days. Ultimately, we present a low-cost, efficient method for treating perchlorate contamination and potentially that of other pollutants in the subsurface.