Reply on RC2

Abstract

Plenty of various measures have been taken to mitigate flood losses in Shanghai over thousands of years, including the construction of sea dikes and floodwalls. However, the combined effects of intensified rainstorms, sea-level rise, land subsidence, and rapid urbanization are exacerbating extreme flood risks and potential flood losses in the fast-developing coastal city. In light of these changes, this article presents an assessment of possible exposure and damage losses of buildings in Shanghai (including residential, commercial, workplace, and industrial buildings). Based on extreme flood scenarios caused by storm surges, precipitation, and fluvial floods, current flood-defence standards will soon be overtaken. Further analyses show that the inundation area could reach 9 %, 16 %, 24 %, and 49 % of Shanghai (excluding the area of islands) under the 1/200, 1/500, 1/1000, and 1/5000-year flooding scenarios, respectively. This study finds, in terms of the total building damage, the 1/5000-year flood scenario damage is more than ten times the 1/200-year flood scenario. Accordingly, the average annual loss (AAL) of residential, commercial, office, and industrial buildings are 13.9, 2.3, 5.3, and 3.9 million USD. Specifically, among the 15 (non-island) districts in Shanghai, Pudong has the highest exposure and AAL at all the four flood scenarios, while the inner city (including seven districts) is also subject to extreme AAL of up to 40 % of its total building values. This study further addresses the possibilities of these extreme flood scenarios, and adaptation options such as: strategic urban planning, advanced building protections, and systematic flood management. Conclusions of the study provide information for scenario-based decision making and cost-benefit analysis for extreme flood risk management in Shanghai and is applicable to other similar coastal megacities.