Reply on RC1

Christopher Holder

doi:10.5194/gmd-2021-167-ac1

Abstract

Earth system models (ESMs) are useful tools for predicting and understanding past and future aspects of the climate system. However, the biological and physical parameters used in ESMs can have wide variations in their estimates. Even small changes in these parameters can yield unexpected results without a clear explanation of how a particular outcome was reached. The standard method for estimating ESM sensitivity is to compare spatiotemporal distributions of variables from different runs of a single ESM. However, a potential pitfall of this method is that ESM output could match observational patterns because of compensating errors. For example, if a model predicts overly weak upwelling and low nutrient concentrations, it may compensate for this by allowing phytoplankton to have a high sensitivity to nutrients. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neural network ensembles (NNEs) are capable of extracting relationships between predictor and target variables within ocean biogeochemical models. Being able to view the relationships between variables, along with spatiotemporal distributions, allows for a more mechanistically based examination of ESM outputs. Here, we investigated whether we could apply NNEs to help us determine why different ESMs produce different results. We tested this using three cases. The first and second case use different runs of the same ESM, except the physical circulations differ between them in the first case while the biological equations differ between them in the second. Our results indicate that the NNEs were capable of extracting the relationships between variables, allowing us to distinguish between differences due to changes in circulation (which do not change relationships) from changes in biogeochemical formulation (which do change relationships).

Highlights

Earth system models (ESMs) are increasingly used to help us understand how anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions will affect biological systems and how such changes will feed back on the climate system
The aim of Case 1 is to quantify the extent to which differences in physical circulations between model runs of the same ESM with identical intrinsic biological relationships could affect the apparent relationships found by network ensembles (NNEs)
4.1 Case 1 – same ESM: identical biological equations, different physical circulations In Case 1, our objective is to quantify the extent to which differences in physical circulation might affect the apparent relationships found by NNEs when the intrinsic biological relationships remain the same between the model runs and the physical circulation parameters differ

Summary

Introduction

Earth system models (ESMs) are increasingly used to help us understand how anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions will affect biological systems and how such changes will feed back on the climate system. These methods provide an avenue for examining processes on a global scale, their representations of biological and physical processes of the natural world are limited by imperfect knowledge and the inability to resolve these processes with current models, which require ever increasingly higher computational costs for additional complexity and resolution. In the nine ESMs compared in Laufkötter et al (2015), the Q10 value describing the sensitivity of growth rate to 10◦ increases in temperature ranged from 1.68 to 3, with some models varying the Q10 values based on the size or type of phytoplankton

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