Abstract
The surface energy balance is a key factor influencing the ground thermal regime. With ongoing climate change, it is crucial to understand the interactions of the individual heat fluxes at the surface and within the subsurface layers as well as their relative impacts on permafrost thermal regime. A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps (Murtèl-Corvatsch, Schilthorn and Stockhorn), where data is being collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS). All stations are equipped with sensors for four-component radiation, air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction as well as ground temperatures and snow height. The three sites differ considerably in their surface and ground material composition as well as their ground ice contents. The energy fluxes are calculated based on two decades of field measurements. While the determination of the radiation budget and the ground heat flux is comparatively straightforward (by the four-component radiation sensor and thermistor measurements within the boreholes), larger uncertainties exist for the determination of turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes. Our results show that mean air temperature at Murtèl-Corvatsch (1997–2018, 2600 m asl.) is −1.66 °C and has increased by about 0.7 °C during the measurement period. At the Schilthorn site (1999–2018, 2900 m asl.) a mean air temperature of −2.60 °C with a mean increase of 1.0 °C was measured. The Stockhorn site (2003–2018, 3400 m asl.) recorded lower air temperatures with a mean of −6.18 °C and an increase of 0.7 °C. Measured net radiation, as the most important energy input at the surface, shows substantial differences with mean values of 30.59 W m−2 for Murtèl-Corvatsch, 32.40 W m−2 for Schilthorn and 6.91 W m−2 for Stockhorn. The calculated turbulent fluxes show values of around 7 to 13 W m−2 using the Bowen ratio method and 3 to 15 W m−2 using the bulk method at all sites. Large differences are observed regarding the energy used for melting of the snow cover: at Schilthorn a value of 8.46 W m−2, at Murtèl-Corvatsch of 4.17 W m−2 and at Stockhorn of 2.26 W m−2 is calculated reflecting the differences in snow height at the three sites. In general, we found considerable differences in the energy fluxes at the different sites. These differences may help to explain and interpret the causes of the varying reactions of the permafrost thermal regime at the three sites to a warming atmosphere. We recognize a strong relation between the net radiation and the ground heat flux. Our results further demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring in order to better understand the impacts of changes in the surface energy balance components on the permafrost thermal regime. The dataset presented can be used to improve permafrost modelling studies aiming at e.g. advancing knowledge about permafrost thaw processes. The data presented and described in this study is available for download at the following site http://dx.doi.org/10.13093/permos-meteo-2021-01 (Hoelzle et al., 2021).
Highlights
High-mountain regions are vulnerable to climate change (Haeberli and Beniston, 1998; Huggel et al, 2010, 2015). 5 Especially the alpine cryosphere, including the components snow, glaciers and permafrost, is reacting strongly to the ongoing atmospheric warming (IPCC, 2013)
A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps (Murtèl-Corvatsch, Schilthorn 5 and Stockhorn), where data is being collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS)
15 To better understand the complex process chains leading to the above mentioned impacts related to permafrost thaw, it is necessary to improve our knowledge about the thermal regime of permafrost, which is mainly depending on the energy balance at the surface and on the geothermal heat flux at its lower boundary
Summary
High-mountain regions are vulnerable to climate change (Haeberli and Beniston, 1998; Huggel et al, 2010, 2015). 5 Especially the alpine cryosphere, including the components snow, glaciers and permafrost, is reacting strongly to the ongoing atmospheric warming (IPCC, 2013). The energy balance at the ground/snow surface is hereby given by the net radiation balance, the turbulent heat fluxes, the melt energy of the snow cover, the heat flux through the snow cover and the ground heat flux. It has been subject of many field-based observational and modelling studies (e.g. Hoelzle and 20 Gruber, 2008; Gruber and Hoelzle, 2008; Westermann et al, 2009; Langer et al, 2011a, b; Scherler et al, 2014; Chadburn et al, 2015; Marmy et al, 2016; Pellet et al, 2016). It is crucial to better understand the energy balance at the surface in order to improve our understanding of the permafrost thermal regime
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