Reply on RC1

Abstract

Strong hurricane winds damage power grids and cause cascading power failures. Statistical and machine learning models have been proposed to predict the extent of power disruptions due to hurricanes. Existing outage models use inputs including power system information, environmental, and demographic parameters. This paper reviews the existing power outage models, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Existing models were developed and validated with data on a few utility companies and regions, limiting the extent of their applicability across geographies and hurricane events. Instead, we train and validate these existing outage models using power outages for multiple regions and hurricanes, including Hurricanes Harvey (2017), Michael (2018), and Isaias (2020), in 1,833 cities along the U.S. coastline. The dataset includes outage data from 39 utility companies in Texas, 5 in Florida, 5 in New Jersey, and 11 in New York. We discuss the limited ability of state-of-the-art machine learning models to (1) make bounded outage predictions, (2) extrapolate predictions to high winds, and (3) account for physics-informed outage uncertainties at low and high winds. For example, we observe that existing models can predict outages as high as 25 times more than the number of customers and cannot capture well the outage variance for wind speeds over 70 m/s. Finally, we present a Beta regression outage modeling framework to address the shortcomings of existing power outage models.