Abstract

This work focuses on the design, implementation, and implications of different operational strategies for wind turbines when providing active power control (APC). APC is a necessary functionality for contributing to the stabilization of the electrical grid. Specifically, two different operational strategies are used as the foundation for a model-based control design that allows the turbine to follow a given power demand. The first relies on keeping a constant rotational speed while varying the generator torque to match the power demand. The second approach varies both, the generator torque and rotational speed of the turbine to yield the desired power output. In the power reduction mode, both operational strategies employ the pitch to maintain the desired rotational speed of the turbine and therefore desired power output. The attainable power dynamics of the two closed-loop systems to varying power demands are analyzed and compared. Reduced-order models formulated as transfer functions and suitable for the integration into an upper-level control design are proposed. It is found that the first strategy involving only the generator torque while keeping a constant rotational speed provides significantly faster power control authority. Further, the resulting fatigue loading in turbulent wind conditions is briefly discussed for the two operational strategies, where constant operational storage is emulated to enable a bidirectional variation of the power output. Without any additional load reducing control loops, the results also suggest that this operational strategy is more favorable with regard to the resulting loading of the turbine structure. The simulation studies are conducted for the 5 MW reference turbine using FAST.

Highlights

  • The provision of ancillary services by wind turbines is an increasingly important functionality for a stable and reliable operation of the electric power system

  • Due to the possibly fast dynamics needed in the range of mil110 liseconds to hours (Machowski et al, 2008), the attainable power dynamics of wind turbines is a crucial metric for a successful contribution to grid stabilizing services

  • The presented simulation studies reveal the dependency of the power dynamics on the operational strategy, where it is found that OS1 provides significantly faster control authority in the power dynamics compared to OS2, where a de- or acceleration of the turbine’s rotor is performed

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Summary

Introduction

The provision of ancillary services by wind turbines is an increasingly important functionality for a stable and reliable operation of the electric power system (van Kuik et al, 2016) These ancillary services may comprise features like the reaction to frequency deviations for balancing load variations at different timescales (Margaris et al, 2012; Rebello et al, 2020), or supporting black-start of the power system (Shan et al, 2020; Jain et al, 2020). These concepts vary the active and 20 reactive power injection to match the demands of the electric grid, and active power control (APC) on a turbine level is involved. Wind turbines may be clustered with other distributed power genera-

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