Abstract

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Highlights

  • Tangential winds that blow parallel to the coast result in the transport of water away from the coast (Ekman, 1905)

  • Shankar and Shetye (1997) further highlighted the mechanism for the early onset of upwelling using an analytical model. They showed that the upwelling along the west coast of India and the Lakshadweep low formed in the southeastern Arabian Sea resulted from poleward propagation of Kelvin waves and westward radiation of Rossby waves, which supported the results shown by McCreary et al (1993)

  • On comparable lines of intensification of oxygen deficiency in the western Arabian Sea (Piontkovski and Al-Oufi, 2015), the eastern Arabian Sea shelf was earlier reported to feature such intensification (Naqvi et al, 2000, 2006), but the comparison of monthly studies for 1 year in 2012 with a similar data set from July 1958 to January 1960 (Banse, 1959) revealed remarkably little change in oxygen concentrations (Gupta et al, 2016; Fig. 16) with interannual variations between the years supported by global climatic events such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), etc., as these warm years impact upwelling intensity and prevent anoxia formation on the shelf (Parvathy et al, 2017)

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Summary

Introduction

Tangential winds that blow parallel to the coast result in the transport of water away from the coast (Ekman, 1905). The transport away from the coast is governed by Ekman dynamics, and owing to the higher density of the upwelled water near the coast, a current is established parallel to the coast. The California, Iberian, Canary, Humboldt, and Benguela systems are the well-known EBUS in the world oceans (Kampf and Chapman, 2016) These classical eastern boundary upwelling systems are driven by winds blowing towards the Equator and are effected by the offshore Ekman transport. In the Indian Ocean, the upwelling is seasonal and the strongest upwelling regions are located along the western boundary Even for these upwelling systems, the dynamics that have been demonstrated to be in effect in EBUS hold well. In the section that follows, upwelling in each of the above regions is described

Coastal upwelling systems
Background
Mechanisms
Productivity and ecosystem impacts
West coast of India
Observations
South coast of Sri Lanka
2.10.1 Background
2.10.2 Mechanisms
2.10.3 Productivity and ecosystem impacts
2.11.1 Background
2.11.2 Upwelling nodes
2.11.3 Productivity and ecosystem impacts
Findings
Summary
Full Text
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