Abstract
Cells must faithfully duplicate their DNA in the genome to pass their genetic information to the daughter cells. To maintain genomic stability and integrity, double-strand DNA has to be replicated in a strictly regulated manner, ensuring the accuracy of its copy number, integrity and epigenetic modifications. However, DNA is constantly under the attack of DNA damage, among which oxidative DNA damage is the one that most frequently occurs, and can alter the accuracy of DNA replication, integrity and epigenetic features, resulting in DNA replication stress and subsequent genome and epigenome instability. In this review, we summarize DNA damage-induced replication stress, the formation of DNA secondary structures, peculiar epigenetic modifications and cellular responses to the stress and their impact on the instability of the genome and epigenome mainly in eukaryotic cells.
Highlights
Faithful copying of genetic information is vital for cells to maintain genomic and epigenomic stability
DNA is susceptible to attack by varieties of DNA damage. This can lead to replication stress, i.e., replication fork stalling that subsequently results in the accumulation of DNA damage and the formation of secondary DNA structures, triggering DNA damage response (DDR) and repair, as well as corresponding epigenetic changes
DNA is under constant attack by a variety of endogenous and exogenous DNA damage agents, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), UV among others, resulting in different types of DNA damage, including oxidized bases, modified sugars, abasic sites, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein crosslinks and thymine dimers, which can result in replication fork stalling [52,56,57,67,68,69,70]
Summary
Faithful copying of genetic information is vital for cells to maintain genomic and epigenomic stability. DNA is susceptible to attack by varieties of DNA damage This can lead to replication stress, i.e., replication fork stalling that subsequently results in the accumulation of DNA damage and the formation of secondary DNA structures, triggering DNA damage response (DDR) and repair, as well as corresponding epigenetic changes. DNAofreplication in head eukaryotes at multiple replication maintenance initiation sites, origin The through the assembly the head to doublestarts hexamer minichromosome known as replication origin, that encompasses the DNA sequences recognized and bound by the protein (MCM) with the help of cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6), Cdc10-dependent transcript. CMG complex helicase, resulting in the Unwound single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is bound the ssDNA binding protein, replication formation of replication forksfrom [12,19,20,21].
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