Replacement of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) with Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and Its Socioeconomic Impact in Afghanistan

Abstract

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a resilient crop with a high economic and culinary value. Currently, Afghanistan is the third largest saffron producer and exporter. However, the development of the industry is still in progress. Saffron has been cultivated regionally since 1998 by “the project on production and marketing of saffron” as a replacement for the cultivation of poppy. It is cultivated using a sustainable development and marketing approach and was supported by regional and local governments in Afghanistan, as well as several foreign NGOs. This book chapter highlights the outcome of a research project and its follow-up on saffron cultivation and production from a decade ago (2007/08) in Herat Province, Afghanistan. Since that time, saffron international price has fluctuated 5.3%. The product is easy to transport and store, and its cultivation, purchase, and export are legal. Additionally, based on farm prices, saffron has 4.5-fold higher revenue and can suitably replace poppy. Additionally, saffron cultivation provides seasonal jobs in two specific tasks: flower picking up and stigma flower separation. The tasks are undertaken entirely made by women and thus have a positive impact on female participation in the workforce. Finally, risks from saffron cultivation are minor in comparison with those of poppy, as saffron production is considered lawful and legal. For this reason, local religious leaders and authorities of Afghanistan support its cultivation and saffron farmers have superior social standings within their communities.