Replacement of Fishmeal with Plant Protein Ingredients in Diets to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) – Effects on Weight Gain and Accretion

Abstract

Farming of fish and especially farming of carnivorous fish depends on high protein diets. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) generally require 55-60% of dietary protein in juvenile stages thereafter the protein requirement declines (NRC, 1993). Historically the protein source has been fishmeal, produced from wild caught fish, while the lipid source has been the fish oil from the same source. Production of farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway has increased steadily during the last decade (from 440061 tons in year 2000 to 927876 metric tons in year 2010) while the wild fish catch has been stable during the same period of time (statistics from Directorate of Fisheries, Norway; www.fiskeridir.no). This also holds for the worldwide wild caught fish and aquaculture production (FAO; www.fao.org/fishery; Tacon, 1995; FAO, 2006; Tacon & Metian, 2008). Therefore if a continued increase of farmed fish is to occur, both alternative protein ingredients as well as lipid sources need to be assessed as feed ingredients. This is to be done by supporting both the growth and at the same time not compromising the health of the farmed fish. In future aquaculture these novel ingredients have to constitute the main protein and lipid sources in the fish diets. The main such sources are likely to be of plant origin but some animalby-products and microbiologically produced proteins might be allowed by national and/or international legislation as well. Such animal-by-products may arrive from processing of poultry and swine (Sugiura et al., 1998; Yanik et al., 2003; Rahnema et al., 2005) and microbiological produced protein sources as single cell proteins (Storebakken et al., 2004; Ozyurt & Deveci, 2004; Berge et al., 2005). Plant proteins are the most likely candidates because of their abundance and relatively low cost. However, upon substituting the fishmeal with plant protein ingredients reduced growth performance generally occurs in Atlantic salmon (Olli et al., 1995; Refstie et al., 1998; 2000; Storebakken et al., 1998; Carter & Hauler, 2000; Krogdahl et al., 2003; Opstvedt et al., 2003) as well as in other fish species of commercial interest such as Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (von der Decken & Lied, 1993; Hansen et al., 2007), sea bream, Sparus aurata (Robaina et al., 1995; Gomez-Requeni et al., 2004), rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pongmaneerat & Watanabe, 1992; Gomes et al., 1995; Kaushik et al., 1995) and turbot, Psetta maxima (Regost et al., 1999; Fournier et al., 2004). Increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and reduced protein utilization are of major concern when fishmeal is replaced