Replacement of Disulfides by Amide Bonds in the Relaxin-like Factor (RLF/INSL3) Reveals a Role for the A11–B10 Link in Transmembrane Signaling

Abstract

The relaxin-like factor (RLF) also named insulin-like 3 (INSL3) consists of two polypeptide chains linked by two interchain and one intrachain disulfide bond. RLF binds to its receptor (LGR8 also named RXFP2) through the B chain and initiates transmembrane communication by activating the adenylate cyclase through the N-terminal region of both chains. Cystine A11-B10 occupies a unique position on the molecular surface just outside the binding region and between the two signaling ports. We have synthesized an RLF analogue in which the disulfide A11-B10 was replaced by a peptide bond and found that cAMP production ceased while receptor binding was not affected. In contrast, replacing the disulfide A24-B22 by a peptide bond reduced potency proportional to the binding affinity and lowered efficacy to 65%, while replacing disulfide A10-A15 by a peptide bond reduced binding affinity to 32% and lowered potency to 7% but maintained 100% efficacy. The exceptional properties of the derivative bearing an A11-B10 isopeptide cross-link suggests that the disulfide has a special role in signal transduction. We propose that disulfide A11-B10 serves as an insulator between the two ports, whereas the amide functionality disturbs the signal transmission complex likely due to changes in polarity. The clear separation between receptor binding and signal activation sites within this small protein permits one to study how the relaxin-like factor initiates the signal on the receptor that induces intracellular cAMP production.