Abstract
Current sociology has falsified the modern prediction for the decline and extinction of religion. A lot of signs show a religious return and a revival of the religious question in a progressively more and more plural and globalized world. The survival of religion in modern societies forces philosophy to rethink the classical secularization theory and its principal equation: rationalization = modernization = secularization = religious decline. The coming of a postsecular society obliges secularism and religion to a mutual understanding in the public sphere, but beyond triumphal proclamations of both mentalities. Secularism and religion face the same fundamentalist dilemma. This essay aims to analize some thesis, premises and consequences of the secularization theory, unveiling diverse theoretical insufficiencies at three levels: at the level of the sociological theory, at the level of a theory of religion and at the level of a theory of rationality.
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