Abstract
We examined the repellent, insecticidal, and anti-oviposition activities of the ethanol-extracted essential oil of Gardenia jasminoides against Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae adult and nymph stages under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. We used GC-MS to identify the main chemicals in the essential oil and selected four compounds, squalene, ethyl linoleate, n-hexadecanoic acid and 9–12-octadecadienoic, to evaluate their activity on whiteflies and mites. In the laboratory experiments, the essential oil of G. jasminoides showed maximum effects in fumigation against whitefly adults (81.48%) and contact toxicity against whitefly nymphs (46.44%), adult mites (49.81%), and mite nymphs (66.46%). In the greenhouse experiments, squalene showed maximum repellency against whitefly adults at 24 (89.59%) and 48 h (84.76%), whitefly nymphal toxicity at 24 (80.08%) and 48 h (77.28%), and mite toxicity at 24 (78.74%) and 48 h (73.86%). The essential oil showed maximum anti-oviposition activity against whiteflies at 24 (63.58%) and 48 h (59.56%) and toxicity to mite nymphs at 24 (82.45%) and 48 h (57.14%) in the bioassay. The essential oil had LC50 values of 2396.457, 2844.958, 56,990.975 and 21,468.619 against whitefly adults, whitefly nymphs, mite adults and mite nymphs, respectively. G. jasminoides and its major chemicals may effectively control the whiteflies and mites.
Highlights
Numerous studies have confirmed that whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889]) and the two-spotted spider mite
Gardenia and its chemical components have many medical and other beneficial properties, and the species has been grown in China for more than a thousand years owing to its fragrance and medical uses
The essential oil extracted from G. jasminoides, its four major components, and the positive control showed maximum fumigant toxicity against whitefly adults in airtight glass containers and toxicity to the nymphal stage; G. jasminoides essential oil was the most toxic compared to its chemical components
Summary
Numerous studies have confirmed that whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889]) and the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae are oval-shaped, approximately 0.4-mm-long pests from the family Tetranychidae, order Trombidiformes, that attack 1200 plant species in warm regions around the world[5,6,7]. For safe and effective control, many aromatic plant essential oils have been introduced for their repellency, contact and fumigant toxicity, regulation of growth, and pathogenic properties[14]. Are essential oils effective in pest management, but their chemical components are effective against most insect species. Ellis is an evergreen, flowering shrub from the family Rubiaceae This species bears sweet, fragrant white flowers twice a year, in spring and summer[16]. Gardenia and its chemical components have many medical and other beneficial properties, and the species has been grown in China for more than a thousand years owing to its fragrance and medical uses. Gardenia spp. are toxic to some bacterial species, such as Campylobacter jejuni, with bactericidal activity (BA50) ranging from 0.003 to 0.009, and Listeria monocytogenes, with BA50 ranging from 0.057 to 0.09219
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