Abstract
We previously found increases in uncoupling protein (Ucp)-1 transcription in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice following a single oral dose of flavan 3-ol (FL)s, a fraction of catechins and procyanidins. It was confirmed that these changes were totally reduced by co-treatment of adrenaline blockers. According to these previous results, FLs possibly activate sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this study, we confirmed the marked increase in urinary catecholamine (CA) s projecting SNS activity following a single dose of 50 mg/kg FLs. In addition, we examined the impact of the repeated administration of 50 mg/kg FLs for 14 days on adipose tissues in mice. In BAT, FLs tended to increase the level of Ucp-1 along with significant increase of thermogenic transcriptome factors expressions, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and PR domain-containing (PRDM)1. Expression of browning markers, CD137 and transmembrane protein (TMEM) 26, in addition to PGC-1α were increased in epididymal adipose (eWAT) by FLs. A multilocular morphology with cell size reduction was shown in the inguinal adipose (iWAT), together with increasing the level of Ucp-1 by FLs. These results exert that FLs induce browning in adipose, and this change is possibly produced by the activation of the SNS.
Highlights
Flavan-3-ol (FL)s, a fraction of B-type oligomer procyanidins (Figure 1b) slightly containing catechins (Figure 1c), are enriched in cocoa [1,2], apple [3,4], grape seeds [5,6], and red wine [7,8]
It was well investigated that the browning of adipose tissue is induced by cold exposure [46], exercise [47], and caloric restriction [48]
The results showed that the level of uncoupling protein (Ucp)-1 tended to increase and its mRNA was significantly upregulated in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of the FLs group (Figure 3a,b)
Summary
Flavan-3-ol (FL)s, a fraction of B-type oligomer procyanidins (Figure 1b) slightly containing catechins (Figure 1c), are enriched in cocoa [1,2], apple [3,4], grape seeds [5,6], and red wine [7,8]. Many intervention studies have suggested that the intake of FLs results in beneficial alterations in the metabolism, such as a significant decrease in plasma LDL with an increase in HDL [13,14,15] and a rise in glucose tolerance [16,17,18]. (FLs) the structure of B-type procyanidins (b), thescheme structure of catechins (c), the scheme for the experimental Figure. 1. (a), Composition of flavan-3-ols fraction (FLs) and of experimental procedures. Composition of flavan-3-ols procedure to(FLs) determine catecholamines (CAs) following single dose of FLs (d), of thefor cage urine fraction (a), theurinary structure of B-type procyanidins (b), the astructure of catechins (c), photo the scheme thefor experimental collection (e), the for urinary the experimental procedure examine the impact of repeated administration
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