Repeated Injections of Low-Dose Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in Healthy Humans Maintain Muscle Pain and Facilitate Ischemic Contraction-Evoked Pain.

Abstract

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for generating and potentiating pain responses. This double-blinded crossover study assessed NGF-evoked pain in healthy humans after repeated NGF injections in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle compared with control injections of isotonic saline. Twenty healthy subjects participated in two experimental phases; each consisted of seven sessions over 21 days. At day0, day2, and day4, a low-dose NGF (1µg) was injected. Data on daily self-reported muscle pain (using a Likert scale) were collected. Data on pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), pain evoked by nonischemic and ischemic muscle contractions (using a numerical rating scale [NRS]), pressure pain detection (PDT), and pain tolerance thresholds (PTTs) to cuff algometry were recorded before day0 and at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 21days after the first injection. Temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were recorded to assess central pain mechanisms. Likert scores remained elevated for 9days after NGF injection (P<0.05). PPTs at the TA muscle were decreased at day1 until day7 after NGF injection compared with day0 (P=0.05). In subjects presenting with NGF-induced muscle hyperalgesia, pain NRS scores evoked by nonischemic contractions were higher after NGF injection at day4 and day7 (P<0.04) compared with the control condition. At all time points, higher pain NRS scores were found with ischemic compared with nonischemic contractions (P<0.05). The pain NRS after ischemic contractions was elevated following prolonged NGF hyperalgesia at day7 compared with the control condition and day0 (P<0.04). The PDT, PTT, TSP, and CPM remained unchanged during the period of NGF-induced hyperalgesia. Repeated low-dose NGF injections maintain muscle pain and potentiate pain evoked by ischemic contractions during prolonged NGF hyperalgesia.