Abstract
BackgroundPulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography has become a routine non invasive cardiac diagnostic tool in most species. However, evaluation of intracardiac blood flow requires reference values, which are poorly documented in goats. The aim of this study was to test the repeatability, the variability, and to establish the reference values of PW measurements in healthy adult Saanen goats. Using a standardised PW Doppler echocardiographic protocol, 10 healthy adult unsedated female Saanen goats were investigated three times at one day intervals by the same observer. Mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary flows were measured from a right parasternal view, and mitral and aortic flows were also measured from a left parasternal view. The difference between left and right side measurements and the intra-observer inter-day repeatability were tested and then the reference values of PW Doppler echocardiographic parameters in healthy adult female Saanen goats were established.ResultsAs documented in other species, all caprine PW Doppler parameters demonstrated a poor inter-day repeatability and a moderate variability. Tricuspid and pulmonary flows were best evaluated on the right side whereas mitral and aortic flows were best obtained on the left side, and reference values are reported for healthy adult Saanen goats.ConclusionsPW Doppler echocardiography allows the measurement of intracardiac blood flow indices in goats. The reference values establishment will help interpreting these indices of cardiac function in clinical cardiac cases and developing animal models for human cardiology research.
Highlights
Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography has become a routine non invasive cardiac diagnostic tool in most species
The least square mean value and the standard error to the mean of each blood flow measurements obtained on day 1, day 2 and day 3 and the multivariable ANOVA test were calculated to evaluate the repeatability of these measurements
The results of this paper show that good quality PW Doppler flow spectrum of each cardiac valve can be obtained on standing unsedated goats like in most other animal species
Summary
Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography has become a routine non invasive cardiac diagnostic tool in most species. The difference between left and right side measurements and the intra-observer inter-day repeatability were tested and the reference values of PW Doppler echocardiographic parameters in healthy adult female Saanen goats were established. During the last thirty years, pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography has been developed first in humans [1,2], and in several domestic animals species including dogs [3,4], cats [5], horses [6,7], cattle [8] and sheep [9] This technique has become a routine for the diagnosis and evaluation of heart disease in veterinary medicine [10]. Only aortic flow measurements were obtained and repeatability of these measurements was not determined in this study
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