Abstract
Articular hyaline cartilage is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor vascularized, and its low cell density allows only extremely limited self-renewal. Most clinical and research efforts currently focus on the restoration of cartilage damaged in connection with osteoarthritis or trauma. Here, we discuss current clinical approaches for repairing cartilage, as well as research approaches which are currently developing, and those under translation into clinical practice. We also describe potential future directions in this area, including tissue engineering based on scaffolding and/or stem cells as well as a combination of gene and cell therapy. Particular focus is placed on cell-based approaches and the potential of recently characterized chondro-progenitors; progress with induced pluripotent stem cells is also discussed. In this context, we also consider the ability of different types of stem cell to restore hyaline cartilage and the importance of mimicking the environment in vivo during cell expansion and differentiation into mature chondrocytes.
Highlights
Hyaline articular cartilage tissue is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor vascularized, and its very low cell density allows, unlike bone, only extremely limited self-renewal.in vivo restoration and/or in vitro reconstruction of hyaline cartilage is the goal of numerous tissue-engineering approaches; success remains limited to date.The apparent structural simplicity of hyaline cartilage is deceptive
This procedure involves transplantation of a special harvested from a non‐weight‐bearing area of the articular cartilage and subsequent injection of these three-dimensional scaffold comprised of autologous chondrocytes into the cells into the defect, covering them with a biodegradable collagen membrane; and (4) matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI)—the cartilage defect
The ability to differentiate into chondrocytes varies between mesenchymalstem stemcells cells (MSCs) obtained from different sources, with synovial MSCs demonstrating the greatest potential to differentiate into articular chondrocytes [68]
Summary
Hyaline articular cartilage tissue is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor vascularized, and its very low cell density allows, unlike bone, only extremely limited self-renewal. The cartilage contains only a single type of cell referred to as chondrocytes, the cells in different layers have distinct morphologies and functionalities [3] This tissue is usually divided into four zones: (i) the superficial zone in contact with. The unclear etiology of OAfor and increased level of inflammation increasedin level inflammation pose additional barriers regenerative approaches aiming topose cure additional barriers for regenerative approaches aiming to cure the disease, and most clinical and the disease, and most clinical and research efforts in this area currently focus on the restoration of research efforts in this area currently focus on the restoration of traumatic damage to cartilage, which, traumatic damage to cartilage, which, if untreated, leads to the development of OA and if untreated, to the development of we OAsummarize and the necessity for joint replacement.
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