Abstract
BackgroundMany researchers have tried to enhance materials functions in different aspects of science using nano-modification method, and in many cases the results have been encouraging. To evaluate the histopathological responses of the micro-/nano-size cement-type biomaterials derived from calcium silicate-based composition with addition of nano tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) on bone healing response.Material and Methods Ninety mature male rabbits were anesthetized and a bone defect was created in the right mandible. The rabbits were divided into three groups, which were in turn subdivided into five subgroups with six animals each based on the defect filled by: white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), Nano-WMTA, WMTA without 3CaO.Al2O3, Nano-WMTA with 2% Nano-3CaO.Al2O3, and empty as control. Twenty, forty and sixty days postoperatively the animals were sacrificed and the right mandibles were removed for histopathological evaluations. Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc comparisons based on the LSMeans procedure was used for data analysis.ResultsAll the experimental materials provoked a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction, which significantly differed from the control group (p< 0.05). Statistical analysis of bone formation and bone regeneration data showed significant differences between groups at 40- and 60- day intervals in all groups. Absence of 3CaO.Al2O3 leads to more inflammation and foreign body reaction than other groups in all time intervals. ConclusionsBoth powder nano-modification and addition of 2% Nano-3CaO.Al2O3 to calcium silicate-based cement enhanced the favorable tissue response and osteogenesis properties of WMTA based materials. Key words:Bone regeneration, cement, endodontics, histopathology, nano-wmta, tricalcium aluminate.
Highlights
Nano-materials have one or more external dimensions in the size range of 1-100 nm, and are undergoing rapid development in the field of nanotechnology
The animals were initially divided into three equal groups and each group was further subdivided into five subgroups with six animals in each subgroup based on the protocol used to fill the defects: A (Nano-white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), Patent #US8668770 B2); B (Tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA) considered the standard group; C (Calcium silicate cement similar to WMTA ingredients without 3CaO.Al2O3, Eram New Tech, LLC); e526
Results of the evaluations including inflammatory response, bone regeneration, and foreign body reaction are summarized in table 1
Summary
Nano-materials have one or more external dimensions in the size range of 1-100 nm, and are undergoing rapid development in the field of nanotechnology. Studies suggest that a rise in pH induced by MTA, along with the availability of Ca2+ and OH ions, affect mineralization [6] These effects are mainly attributed to the alkaline properties, leading to neutralization of the acidic metabolites of macrophages and osteoclasts. The nano-modified WMTA composition includes (2CaO.SiO2), (3CaO.SiO2), (3CaO.Al2O3), Bi2O3, gypsum, strontium carbonate (SrCO3), zeolite, calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) in the range of 40 to 100 nm [8]. To evaluate the histopathological responses of the micro-/nano-size cement-type biomaterials derived from calcium silicate-based composition with addition of nano tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) on bone healing response. Conclusions: Both powder nano-modification and addition of 2% Nano-3CaO.Al2O3 to calcium silicate-based cement enhanced the favorable tissue response and osteogenesis properties of WMTA based materials
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