Renoprotection of Selected Antioxidant-Rich Foods (Water Spinach and Red Grape) and Probiotics in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats.

Sneha Sarwar,David A Bradley,Md Saidul Arefin,Talha Bin Emran,Abdullah Alsubaie,Sheikh Nazrul Islam,Mayeen Uddin Khandaker,Badr Alharthi,Nafis Md Irfan,Md Jamal Hossain,Tamima Ahsan,Arebia Rahman

doi:10.3390/life12010060

Abstract

Objectives: The current study investigated the curative effects of two selected antioxidant-rich foods (water spinach and red grape) and probiotics on the kidney exposed to nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. Methods: A total of 30 Wistar Albino female rats equally divided into six groups were studied for seven days. Except for the normal control (NC) group, all groups received 80 mg/kg/day gentamicin (GEN) injection intra-peritoneally for seven days. NC and GEN groups received only regular diet. In the water spinach group (GEN + WS) and red grape (GEN + RG) groups, rats were provided with 20 g/rat/day of boiled water spinach and 5 mL/rat/day of red grape juice, respectively. The probiotic (GEN + P4) and (GEN + P8) groups received 4 × 109 and 8 × 109 viable bacteria, respectively. On the 8th day, all the rats were sacrificed to collect blood and kidney. Serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. In addition, kidney histopathology was taken for final observation. Results: Both antioxidant-rich foods and probiotic (P4) significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the GEN-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and improved kidney function by lowering uremic toxin (serum creatinine, and uric acid) levels. Histopathological findings of kidney tissues of all groups were consistent with the biochemical findings. Conclusion: The current preclinical study suggests that the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods might be a promising fighting option against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. However, extensive studies and clinical monitoring are immediately required to determine the appropriate probiotic doses and mechanism of action for such effects.

Highlights

Nephrotoxicity can be defined as any type of renal injury mediated directly or indirectly by drugs, acute kidney failure, tubulopathies, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and so on
This study was conducted on Wistar Albino rats, where nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin [33,35]
It is very well-known that mitochondria are the largest producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which augment the susceptibility of kidney injuries through oxidative stress

Summary

Introduction

Nephrotoxicity can be defined as any type of renal injury mediated directly or indirectly by drugs (overdose, drug–drug interactions, or adverse effects), acute kidney failure, tubulopathies, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and so on. Nearly 60% of the hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit are suffering from acute kidney injury (AKI), where the drug-induced nephrotoxicity is responsible for around 15% of the cases, holding a third leading cause for AKI [1]. The production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes this nephropathy [8]. Both glomerular and tubular injuries caused by this gentamicin can simulate the complications of nephropathy [9]

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