Abstract
With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.
Highlights
Over the last decade, telecom network operators have been continuously increasing the number of cellular base stations to support the higher number of mobile subscribers and to meet their huge amount of data demand [1]
The system has been simulated in the HOMER platform taking the dynamic behavior of traffic and renewable energy sources into account
It is seen that the optimal size of the components is almost the same concerning the system bandwidth, which implies that the proposed system can fulfill the base stations (BSs) energy requirement under different network conditions without changing the system component on a large scale
Summary
Telecom network operators have been continuously increasing the number of cellular base stations to support the higher number of mobile subscribers and to meet their huge amount of data demand [1]. This rapid and radical deployment of cellular base stations throughout the world has significantly increased energy consumption, resulting in decreasing the fossil fuel reservation and emitting harmful greenhouse gasses. As referred to [2], cellular base stations are the main parts of the telecom industry which consume around 57% of the total energy. It is estimated that the emission of carbon-dioxide (CO2) will rise around 6% per year and the annual electricity bill for the mobile industry will raise $10 billion [5,6]
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