Abstract
Energy systems are in transition towards more sustainable generation portfolios. In the envisioned smart grid generation will primarily depend on renewable power sources making uncertain quantities of electricity available, the delivery of which cannot be guaranteed. Current electricity tariffs promise certain delivery, and are thus not well-suited to trade uncertain quantities. However, if not traded the electricity might need to be curtailed, foregoing potential benefits for both supply and demand sides. We propose to adopt service level agreements (SLAs) that comprise quantity, reliability, and price, for electricity trading in settings where supply depends on volatile power sources. We define a characterization of the value degradation of tolerant and critical buyers with regards to the uncertainty of electricity delivery generalizing the widely used value of lost load (VoLL). This captures buyers’ varying abilities to cope with uncertainty. We consider allocating SLAs to buyers using either a sequential second-price auction or the combinatorial Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism that is known to elicit truthful bids, and discuss the settings in which we can obtain truthfulness in the sequential setting. In addition, we empirically compare their performance and demonstrate that VCG dominates alternative allocations and vastly improves the efficiency of the proposed system, when compared to baseline allocations that only use the VoLL. This article hence contributes an essential component to the future smart grid by facilitating distributed energy trading under uncertainty.
Highlights
Energy systems are in transition towards more sustainable and distributed generation portfolios, where smaller scale producers and consumers will participate as autonomous agents in decentralized markets (Farhangi 2010)
Last, we show that the efficiency of the proposed system vastly improves in face of buyers with varying abilities to cope with uncertainty (“Evaluation & discussion” section)
We adapted service level agreements (SLAs) as a direct extension of current conventional tariffs for use in electricity markets under uncertainty, and we defined the set of features that SLAs comprise, quantity, reliability, and price
Summary
Energy systems are in transition towards more sustainable and distributed generation portfolios, where smaller scale producers and consumers will participate as autonomous agents in decentralized markets (Farhangi 2010). Maintaining balance becomes more challenging in face of generation from renewable resources such as the sun and wind, which are subjects to stochastic availability, and non-dispatchable Their output cannot be regulated to match the demand, which is necessary to keep the system in balance. Dynamic pricing alongside scheduling of non-preemptive consumption loads are considered the main methodologies for (2018) 1:57 balancing demand with uncertain supply. The former may introduce disruptive and unfavorable market behavior and planning and ahead prices are required (Braithwait et al 2007), while the latter can violate the autonomy of consumer agents
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