Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the clean and sustainable energy technologies, often referred to as renewable energy, and directly chemical energy contained in organic matter into electrical energy by using the catalytic activity of microorganisms. Cellulosic biomass is a particularly attractive renewable resource for its abundant supply at low cost and its neutral carbon balance. However, methanogenesis had been negatively linked to anaerobic cellulosic power generation in MFCs. Ginseng root is a saponin-rich plant material and red ginseng marc (RGM) has not been reused as a high-value resource for industry although its residue contained both electron donors and saponin, the potential power generation enhancers for MFC. In this study, RGM was supplemented into MFC to evaluate its effects on methanogenesis and power generation. Two-chamber H-type MFCs were established using rumen fluid as anolyte to ferment cellulose at 2% (w/v). RGM, the residue from the steam and press process for red ginseng beverage preparation, was freeze-dried and ground to pass 0.5 mm sieve and added to the anode of MFC at 1% (w/v; Exp. 1) or 0.1% (Exp. 2) dose for treatment. Open circuit voltage, voltage and current across an external resistor were measured daily for 10d. On d10 of operation, collected biogases were measured for total gas production and analyzed for its components. In Exp. 1, power density was between 44.0 and 97.2 with an average of 83.8 mW/m2 in 1% RGM MFCs and was between 45.2 and 76.3 with an average of 61.5 mW/m2 in control. In Exp. 2, power density was between 44.8 and 75.6 with an average of 60.9 mW/m2 in 0.1% RGM MFCs and was between 45.1 and 54.1 with an average of 49.7 mW/m2 in control. Total gas production for 10d was 563 and 523 mL for RGM and control, respectively, in Exp 1, and was 546 and 477 mL for RGM and control, respectively, in Exp 2. Methane took up 58.6 and 67.9% of total gas for RGM and control, respectively, in Exp 1, and 59.1 and 67.3% of total gas for RGM and control, respectively, in Exp 2. Both greater (P
Highlights
Over 95% of greenhouse gas emissions including CO2, methane, CO, and nitrous oxide which cause global warming and pollutions result from fossil fuel combustion and natural gas and petroleum systems for energy in the USA [1]
We hypothesized that saponin-containing plant material byproduct would deplete the methanogenesis and increase the power generation in Microbial fuel cell (MFC) fermenting cellulose. To achieve this objective and test the hypothesis, the current study investigated the effect of red ginseng marc addition to the anode of MFC containing rumen fluid as anolyte and cellulose as electron donors on biogas production and power generation by conducting two experiments with two concentrations of red ginseng marc
Methane amount (Figure 1) produced in anode chamber for 10d operation did not change with red ginseng marc (RGM) addition in Exp. 1 (P = 0.0551) or Exp. 2 (P = 0.8640) at 1% or 0.1% of dose, respectively
Summary
Over 95% of greenhouse gas emissions including CO2, methane, CO, and nitrous oxide which cause global warming and pollutions result from fossil fuel combustion and natural gas and petroleum systems for energy in the USA [1]. As of 2019, petroleum, natural gas, and coal represented 80% of the energy source for primary energy consumption in the USA [2]. Greater efforts have been undertaken to develop technologies generating clean and sustainable energy sources that would replace fossil fuels [3]. Often referred to as renewable energy, is provided from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished. Renewable energy contributes only 11% of primary energy consumption and biomass takes up 43% of renewable energy resources in the USA [2]
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