Rendezvous Cost-Aware Opportunistic Routing in Heterogeneous Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks

Ngoc-Thanh Dinh,Younghan Kim,Tao Gu

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937252

Ngoc-Thanh Dinh, Younghan Kim + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937252

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Abstract

This paper analyzes the packet transmission cost in asynchronous heterogeneous duty-cycled wireless sensor network systems (WSNs). We discover limitations of conventional opportunistic routing protocols when they are applied to asynchronous heterogeneous duty-cycled WSNs. The key reason is that the conventional opportunistic routing protocols overlook the rendezvous cost in calculating the packet transmission cost. To solve the above issue, we introduce a novel routing metric, expected transmission cost (ETC), which is designed with the rendezvous cost-aware. The proposed metric, ETC, appropriately captures the packet transmitting cost in heterogeneous duty-cycled WSN environments by incorporating the estimation for both expected communication as well as rendezvous cost. We then design an efficient ETC-based opportunistic routing protocol (EoR) which selects the best forwarding candidates with the least packet transmission cost to reduce the actual energy consumption of sensors in packet transmission. We conduct comprehensive testbed experiments and simulations with Telosb motes for the performance evaluation of EoR in comparison with the state-of-the-art routing protocols. Obtained experimental results indicate that EoR achieves significant improvements in terms of packet latency, delivery ratio, and energy efficiency, in comparison with the state-of-the-art protocols.

Highlights

Low duty cycle operation [2] has been widely deployed for energy saving in traditional asynchronous wireless sensor networks [3]–[6] where nodes are expected to operate at low duty cycle
The results show that ETC-based opportunistic routing protocol (EoR) achieves over 20% improvement in terms of packet transmission latency, energy efficiency, and packet delivery ratio in comparison to CTP, ORW, DOF, and COF
This paper investigates the limitations of the state-of-theart routing protocols by analyzing packet transmission cost in heterogenous duty-cycled wireless sensor network systems (WSNs)

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Low duty cycle operation [2] has been widely deployed for energy saving in traditional asynchronous wireless sensor networks [3]–[6] where nodes are expected to operate at low duty cycle (i.e., a few percents). In existing duty-cycled routing protocols, their routing metrics do not sufficiently capture the rendezvous cost in heterogeneous duty-cycled WSNs. In particular, ETX [20] used in CTP [17] basically considers only link reliability of possible routes. In the most recent opportunistic routing protocol (ORW) [18], the EDC metric (expected duty cycled wakeups) proposed by the authors is to capture the expected time duration for transmitting a packet (i.e., the number of wakeups is used as the unit), EDC takes into account the reliability of related links only. We provide the detailed analysis in section III.A. To address the limitation of the existing routing metrics in heterogeneous duty-cycled WSNs, we first propose a novel routing metric, named expected transmission cost (ETC) which is designed with the rendezvous cost-aware and captures properly both rendezvous cost and communication cost. The experimental results show that the proposed protocol achieves a significant improvement in terms of packet transmission latency, energy efficiency, and packet delivery ratio compared to the state-of-the-art protocols. (section IV)

RELATED WORK

EXPECTED PACKET TRANSMISSION COST METRIC

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Findings

CONCLUSION