Öğrencilerin Oyun Kavramına Yönelik Metaforik Algıları

A cross-sectional study on the analysis of the current situation of depression and anxiety among primary and secondary school students in Urumqi City in 2021: A case study of S district

Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When Using Online Digital References

To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of using electronic screens of primary and middle school students in China from 2016 to 2017. From 2016 to 2017, 275 monitoring points were selected from 31 provinces in China, and 280 primary and middle school students were selected from each monitoring point to complete the survey. Using the suggestion from "Healthy China Initiative(2019-2030)"of which the screen time of primary and middle school students should be less than one hour per day as the standard. A total of 74 314 primary and secondary school students(except grade 9 and grade 12) were included in this study. Among them, there were 37 147 boys(50.0%) and 37 167 girls(50.0%); 44 612 pupils(60.0%), 14 858 junior school students(20.0%), and 14 844 senior high school students(20.0%); 38 995(52.5%) rural students and 35 319(47.5%) urban students; 53 287 boarding students(71.7%) and 20 537 day students(27.6%). From 2016 to 2017, the average daily screen time of Chinese primary school students was 1.45 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.14(0.57, 1.93) h. That of junior high school students was 1.92 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.43(0.71, 2.48) h. That of senior high school students was 2.37 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.71(0.90, 3.02) h. The average daily screen time qualified rates of primary school, junior high and senior high school students were 46.1%, 37.1% and 27.7%, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, the most used electronic screen products of primary school students in China were TV/videos(62%), followed by mobile phones(21%). Junior high school students spent 38% and 37% of the total time watching TV/videos and playing mobile phones, respectively. High school students spend the longest time using mobile phones(49%) of the total time, followed by watching TV/videos(26%). With the increasing of grade, screen time became longer, and screen time qualified rate dropped. Moreover, the most used electronic screens were mobile phones and TV/videos.

This study compared and analyzed the mediating effect of depression and the moderating effect of self-esteem on the effects of childhood depression and anxiety on suicidal thoughts in elementary, middle, and high school students according to developmental stage. Unlike existing studies that individually examined the development of elementary, middle, and high school students, this study aimed to suggest intervention measures to prevent suicidal thoughts in childhood by comparing the development stages of elementary, middle, and high school students. The data for this study are data from the 10th (2015), 13th (2018), and 16th (2021) Children's Supplementary Survey of the Korea Welfare Panel, which includes elementary school students in the 10th round, middle school students in the 13th round, and high school students in the 16th round. A total of 1,174 people were used for analysis. The research model was analyzed using the SPSS program and PROCESS macro. Looking at the results of the analysis, first, as a result of confirming the mediating effect of feelings of withdrawal in the relationship between depression and anxiety in childhood and suicidal thoughts in adolescence according to developmental stage, it was confirmed that there was a partial mediating effect in middle school and high school. Second, in the relationship between depression and anxiety in childhood, feelings of withdrawal, and suicidal thoughts in adolescence according to developmental stage, the mediated moderating effect of self-esteem was confirmed in middle school and high school students, but it was confirmed that there was no moderating effect of self-esteem in elementary school students. The above research results were discussed based on previous research, and based on these results, an effective intervention plan was proposed to reduce suicidal thoughts in adolescence.

Objective To understand the prevalence and trend of the poor eyesight in primary and middle school students in Beijing, and to provide theoretical basis for eyesight protection and myopia prevention and control. Methods According to “Technical Standard for Student Health Inspection” (GB/T 26343–2010), students were examined with a standard logarithmic visual acuity E chart for naked eye vision. Results The prevalence of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in 2010-2016 was 63.0%, 62.1%, 62.9%, 60.7%, 59.2% and 58.6% respectively, decreased by 7.0% in 6 years, primary school students dropped by 9.7%, and junior school students, senior high school students and vocational high school students increased by 5.5%, 3.3% and 14.1% respectively. Urban and suburban areas (61.2%, 54.3%) decreased by 9.6% and 2.9% respectively. Regardless of boys and girls, urban and suburb, between 2010 and 2016, the overall composition ratio of students in each school segment was expressed as primary school > junior school > senior high school students > vocational high school, and vocational high school students accounted for the minimum; the overall composition ratio of primary school has become more and more large. Conclusion Eyesight protection and myopia prevention among primary and middle school students in Beijing is still challenging. All departments should take active and effective measures to control the newly onset and progression of low vision and improve eyesight. 【摘要】 目的 了解北京市中小学生视力不良检出率及变化趋势, 为学生视力保护及近视防控提供参考依据。 方法 按照《学生健康检査技术规范》 (GB/T 26343—2010), 采用标准对数视力表对北京市全体中小学生进行裸眼远视力检査。 结果 2010—2016 年北京市中小学生视力不良检出率分别为 63.0%, 62.1%, 62.9%, 60.7%, 59.2% 和 58.6%, 6 年间下降了 7.0%。2015—2016 年小学生、初中生、普通髙中生、职业髙中生视力不良检出率分别为 45.5%, 78.4%, 89.4%和74.5%, 较 2010—2011 年小学生下降了 9.7%, 初中生、普通髙中生和职业髙中生分别增长了 5.5%, 3.3% 和 14.1%; 2015—2016 年, 城 区、郊区学生视力不良检出率分别为 61.2% 和 54.3%, 较 2010—2011 年分别下降了 9.6% 和 2.9%。不论男生、女生, 城区、 郊区, 2010—2016 年, 每年各学段学生总体构成比均表现为小学>初中>普通髙中>职业髙中, 职业髙中学生占比最小; 随着 年份的增加, 小学的构成比增大。 结论 北京市中小学生视力不良防控工作任务艰巨。各部门应采取积极有效的措施, 控 制视力不良新发和加重, 提髙中小学生视力健康水平。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and to explore the association between extracurricular physical activity and dyslipidemia among primary, middle and high school students in Guangzhou. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected primary and middle school students in Guangzhou by the stratified cluster sampling method from March to December 2019. Physical examination and blood lipid test were performed. Information about students' basic characteristics and extracurricular physical activity was collected by questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between extracurricular physical activity and dyslipidemia in this cohort. Results: A total of 7 797 participants (mean aged (12.2±2.9) years) were included (4 194 (53.79%) boys and 3 603 (46.21%) girls]. The detection rates of high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dyslipidemia were 12.49% (974/7 797), 6.44% (502/7 797), 6.62% (516/7 797), 11.31% (882/7 797) and 23.83% (1 858/7 797), respectively. Dyslipidemia rate was lower in the junior school students (21.39% (675/3 156)) than in primary school students (25.96% (896/3 451)) and high-school students (24.12% (287/1 190)) (P<0.001). The dyslipidemia rates of boys and girls were similar (23.15% (971/4 194) vs. 24.62% (887/3 603), P>0.05). Dyslipidemia rate was lower in students with extracurricular physical activity than in students without extracurricular physical activity (22.50% (923/4 102) vs. 25.30% (935/3 695), P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that extracurricular physical activity was associated with lower risk of dyslipidemia (OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.79-0.99, P=0.033). Among all types of extracurricular physical activities, participating in extracurricular large ball game was associated with 28% lower risk among junior school students (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.57-0.91, P=0.006). Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high among primary, middle and high school students in Guangzhou. Extracurricular physical activity is associated with reduced risk of dyslipidemia in this cohort.

Objective To understand the current situation of breakfast consumption and its influencing factors in primary and middle school students in a poor rural area in a city in Guizhou Province, and to provide scientific basis for child nutrition education and intervention. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey of breakfast behavior and influencing factors among 2 833 students from 3 primary schools and 3 middle schools in a area of Guizhou Province from April to June 2019. Results The most frequently consumed breakfast was rice noodle products (71.66%), followed by fresh vegetables (45.89%), milk (35.55%), meat/egg/fish (29.33%), beans (19.52%), and fresh fruits (18.74%). The proportion of having breakfast everyday among elementary and middle school students who was 62.97%, and having breakfast 4 一 6 days peer week was 22.80%, and 14.23% with ≤3 days peer week, and the proportion of boys who ate breakfast every day (65.07%) was higher than girls (61.00%) ( χ 2 = 10.01, P <0.05). The proportion of low quality breakfast was 71.87%, and girls (73.68%) were higher than boys (69.94%) (χ 2 = 9.29, P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that grade of school, boarding school, and sleep quality are all influencing factors for whether to eat breakfast every day; grade of school, whether to stay at school were factors that affect breakfast quality ( P <0.05). Conclusion The frequency and quality of breakfast need more improvement among middle and primary school students in a poor rural area of a city in Guizhou Province. Students, parents, and teachers should be educated on nutrition to promote healthy eating and sleeping habits and improve student health. 【摘要】 目的 了解贵州省农村贫困地区中小学生早餐现状及影响因素, 为开展儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供科学 依据。 方法 采用分层整群抽样方法, 于 2019 年 4—6 月对贵州省某市 3 所小学和 3 所中学 2 833 名学生进行早餐行为与 影响因素问卷调査。 结果 中小学生早餐食用频率最髙的是谷薯类 (71.66%), 其次为新鲜蔬菜 (45.89%)、奶类 (35.55% )、肉/蛋/鱼类 (29.33% )、豆类 (19.52% )、新鲜水果 (18.74% )。中小学生能每天吃早餐的比例为62.97%, 每周吃 4~ 6次早餐的为 22.80%, ≤3 次的为14.23%, 男生每天都吃早餐的比例 (65.07% )髙于女生 (61.00% ), 差异有统计学意义 (χ 2 = 10.01, P <0.05)。早餐营养差的比例达 71.87%, 女生 (73.68%)髙于男生 (69.94%) (χ 2 = 9.29, P <0.05)。Logistic 回归 分析结果显示, 学段、是否住校、睡眠质量均是每天吃早餐的影响因素；学段、是否住校是早餐质量的影响因素 (P值均< 0.05)。 结论 贵州省某市农村贫困地区中小学生每天吃早餐的比例较低, 早餐营养质量差。应对学生、家长、老师开展营 养知识教育, 促使学生养成健康的饮食和睡眠生活习惯, 改善学生健康状况。

This paper is used to know about the psychological health situation for middle and primary school students in Xianning City and provide a certain empirical basis for meaningful development of psychological health education and psychological assistance. This paper uses the MHT scale prepared by Bucheng Zhou professor et al. to conduct a test for 1000 students in 7 middle and primary schools in Xianning City. The detection rate of psychological health problem accounts for 1.6% where the positive detection rate of study anxiety ranks first (43.2%). The psychological health situations have much difference in sex (t = -4. 624, P<0. 001), and it’s lower in male students than female ones. There is a significant difference between the psychological health situation for only and non-only children (t = -2. 519, P<0. 01).There is a significant difference on the psychological health situation for primary school, middle school and high school students (F = 11. 3, P<0. 001), and the psychological health situation of primary school students is better than that for middle school students. It can be concluded that the psychological health situation of middle and primary school students in Xianning City is fairly good, and the psychological health situation for male student, only children and primary school student is also fairly good.

This study aimed to assess the differences in physical activity and physical fitness in 2019 and 2023 among children and adolescents in Qinghai Province. Data were collected from the Chinese National Survey on Student Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2019 and 2023. The study ultimately included 13,296 participants (5,039 in 2019 and 8,257 in 2023) aged 6–22, including primary, middle, and high school students in Qinghai Province, China. Physical fitness assessments included height, weight, vital capacity, sit-and-reach distance, pull-ups, timed sit-ups, standing long jump, 50-meter dash, 800-meter run, 1000-meter run, 50 m × 8 shuttles run, and timed rope-skipping. Independent samples T-tests and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to explore differences and associations in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (SED), and physical fitness in this population in 2019 and 2023. Compared to 2019, children and adolescents measured in 2023 showed a significant increase in MVPA and a significant decrease in SED. Vital capacity improved significantly across all academic stages, with primary school girls showing improved performance in the 50 × 8 shuttles run. Secondary school students significantly declined in their performance in 800 m and 1000 m runs. Standing long jump performance improved for middle and high school students, while pull-ups declined for high school boys. Timed sit-ups declined for middle school girls, with no significant changes at primary and high school. Flexibility improved for high school boys and both middle and high school girls but decreased for primary school boys and girls, as well as for middle school boys. Timed rope-skipping was measured only in primary school students, and it improved significantly. Speed performance, measured by the 50 m dash, improved in primary school students but declined in middle and high school students. Regression analysis revealed that MVPA was positively associated with vital capacity, 800 m running, standing long jump, pull-ups, and timed sit-ups, while negatively associated with 1000 m running, timed rope-skipping, and 50 m dash. SED was positively associated with 800 m and 1000 m running performance and timed sit-ups. Our study highlights distinct trends in physical fitness across school stages, and sex associations of MVPA and SED with fitness outcomes underscore the need for tailored, region-specific health strategies in high-altitude, underdeveloped areas.

One aim of this study was to investigate differences in cyberbullying involvement (i.e., victimization, bystanding, perpetration) across four age groups, including 234 elementary school students (4th and 5th grades; 51% female), 363 middle school students (6th through 8th grades; 53% female), 341 high school students (9th through 12th grade; 51% female), and 371 university students (all four years; 60% female). Another aim was to examine the age group differences in the associations between cyberbullying involvement and depression, as well as the moderating effect of social support from parents and friends. Participants completed questionnaires on cyberbullying involvement, depression, and social support from parents and friends. Findings revealed that middle school students were more often involved in cyberbullying as victims, bystanders, and perpetrators, followed by high school and university students, and elementary school students. High school and university students did not differ on their cyberbullying involvement. Gender moderated these relationships for elementary school students, with boys more often involved in cyberbullying perpetration and victimization than girls. In addition, female university students witnessed cyberbullying more so than males. Social support from parents buffered against the negative effects of cyberbullying involvement on depression across all age groups. Results were similar for social support from friends, but only for middle school and high school students. Gender did not influence the associations among age groups, cyberbullying involvement, and depression. The results have implications for designing prevention and intervention programs and ensuring that such programs consider age.

Prevalence, frequency, intensity, and location of cigarette use among adolescents in China from 2013–14 to 2019: Findings from two repeated cross-sectional studies

Background: This study aim to compare between middle and high school students on the relationship of high-caffeine drinks and mental health.Methods: This national cross-sectional secondary study used data from the 20th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2024). The respondents of this study were 54,653 middle and high school students. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and complex sample logistic regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results: Respondents of ‘much’ perceived stress consumed 1.493 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and 1.699 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘little.’ Respondents of ‘yes’ sadness &amp; despair consumed 1.189 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and consumed 1.142 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘no.’ Suicidal ideation and loneliness variables were statistically significant in middle school, but not in high school. Conclusions: It was concluded that middle and high school students who were more stressed and experienced sadness &amp; despair consumed more high-caffeine drinks. However, only middle school students who experienced suicidal ideation and loneliness consumed more high-caffeine drinks. Recognizing each characteristic of middle and high school students, tailored intervention program should be developed based on the community and school.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; if current smoking rates continue, 5.6 million Americans aged <18 years who are alive today are projected to die prematurely from smoking-related disease. Tobacco use and addiction mostly begin during youth and young adulthood. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2015 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine the prevalence and trends of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], hookahs [water pipes used to smoke tobacco], pipe tobacco, and bidis [small imported cigarettes wrapped in a tendu leaf]) among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. In 2015, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle (5.3%) and high (16.0%) school students. During 2011-2015, significant increases in current use of e-cigarettes and hookahs occurred among middle and high school students, whereas current use of conventional tobacco products, such as cigarettes and cigars decreased, resulting in no change in overall tobacco product use. During 2014-2015, current use of e-cigarettes increased among middle school students, whereas current use of hookahs decreased among high school students; in contrast, no change was observed in use of hookahs among middle school students, use of e-cigarettes among high school students, or use of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, pipe tobacco, or bidis among middle and high school students. In 2015, an estimated 4.7 million middle and high school students were current tobacco product users, and, therefore, continue to be exposed to harmful tobacco product constituents, including nicotine. Nicotine exposure during adolescence, a critical period for brain development, can cause addiction, might harm brain development, and could lead to sustained tobacco product use among youths. Comprehensive and sustained strategies are warranted to prevent and reduce the use of all tobacco products among U.S. youths.

Application and Practice of MOOCs in the Teaching of Primary and Middle Schools

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States, and nearly all tobacco use begins during youth and young adulthood (1,2). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2017 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS)* to determine patterns of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students and estimate use nationwide. Among high school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 24.2% (estimated 3.69 million users) in 2011 to 19.6% (2.95 million) in 2017. Among middle school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 7.5% (0.87 million) in 2011 to 5.6% (0.67 million) in 2017. In 2017, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used tobacco product among high (11.7%; 1.73 million) and middle (3.3%; 0.39 million) school students. During 2016-2017, decreases in current use of hookah and pipe tobacco occurred among high school students, while decreases in current use of any tobacco product, e-cigarettes, and hookah occurred among middle school students. Current use of any combustible tobacco product, ≥2 tobacco products, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and bidis did not change among middle or high school students during 2016-2017. Comprehensive and sustained strategies can help prevent and reduce the use of all forms of tobacco products among U.S. youths (1,2).