Abstract
Background and Aim:Renal fibrosis is a well-established pathological alteration associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in several species and progresses as CKD advances. Although a renal biopsy is the gold standard for determining renal fibrosis, it is an invasive, impractical method for clinical practice. In humans, ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography (SWE), a novel advanced diagnostic imaging tool, can evaluate renal parenchyma stiffness, and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP), a promising renal fibrosis biomarker in humans, has increasingly been use applied to reduce the biopsies. This study compares renal tissue elasticity observed through SWE Young’s modulus (E) values between healthy dogs (HD) and those with CKD.Materials and Methods:The E value acquired by SWE, uPIIINP levels, and renal function were evaluated in 15 CKD dogs and 15 HD.Results:The renal cortical E values were significantly higher than the renal medullary E values in both groups (p<0.001). Renal cortical and medullary E values in CKD dogs were significantly higher than in HD (p<0.01). Cortical E values had greater significant correlations with renal functional parameters than the medullary E values and had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of plasma creatinine (Cr) (p<0.001); blood urea nitrogen (p<0.01); urine protein Cr ratio (p<0.01); and fractional excretions of sodium (p<0.05), potassium (p<0.05), chloride (p<0.05), and magnesium (p<0.001) while they had a negative correlation with urine specific gravity (p<0.05) and urine osmolality to plasma osmolality ratio (p<0.05). The uPIIINP to Cr (uPIIINP/Cr) ratios of CKD dogs were higher than those of HD (p<0.001). Moreover, the uPIIINP/Cr levels presented significant correlations with the renal cortical E values (p<0.01) and also the renal functional parameters.Conclusion:SWE offers a complementary, non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating renal tissue stiffness in CKD dogs with renal function deterioration. In addition, uPIIINP levels are associated with renal function and structural changes in dogs. Therefore, the uPIIINP level might be a non-invasive, complementary, and promising biomarker for evaluating renal fibrosis in canine CKD.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common renal disorder in dogs, is an irreversible and progressive impairment of kidney structure or function from permanent injury that has exceeded the maximal capacity of compensation, lasting for at least 3 months [1,2,3,4]
UPIIINP levels are associated with renal function and structural changes in dogs
The aims of this study were, first, to compare the renal tissue elasticity observed through E values, acquired by shear-wave elastography (SWE), between healthy dogs (HD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) dogs; second, this study evaluated the relationships between the renal tissue stiffness and functional renal parameters, including the plasma Cr concentration, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine specific gravity (USG), the urine protein Cr (UPC) ratio, and the urine osmolality to plasma osmolality (Uosm/Posm) ratio as well as, the fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium (FENa, FEK, FECl, and FEMg) in both groups
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common renal disorder in dogs, is an irreversible and progressive impairment of kidney structure or function from permanent injury that has exceeded the maximal capacity of compensation, lasting for at least 3 months [1,2,3,4]. Especially tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is an irreversible and progressive pathological change reported to occur with CKD in both humans and dogs [14,15,16,17] and is a main pathological change during the CKD advancement [16,17], subsequently leading to impairment of renal functions. Renal fibrosis is a well-established pathological alteration associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in several species and progresses as CKD advances. This study compares renal tissue elasticity observed through SWE Young’s modulus (E) values between healthy dogs (HD) and those with CKD
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