Renal perfusion imaging with two‐dimensional navigator gated arterial spin labeling

Abstract

To develop a navigator technique enabling free-breathing acquisition to afford sufficient signal averaging for quantitative renal perfusion measurement using arterial spin labeling MRI. A novel two-dimensional (2D) navigator technique was implemented in concert with flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) preparation and true fast imaging with steady precession (True-FISP) readout. The navigator images were obtained with a low-resolution fast low angle shot readout at end of each arterial spin labeling acquisition. A retrospective algorithm was developed to automatically detect respiratory motion for selective signal averaging. The 2D navigator-gated FAIR True-FISP sequence was performed in ten healthy volunteers and five patients with chronic kidney disease. Excellent image quality and comparable cortical perfusion rates (healthy: 276 ± 28 mL/100 g/min, patients: 155 ± 25 mL/100 g/min) to literature values were obtained. An average of 3-fold signal-to-noise ratio improvement was obtained in the 2D navigator-gated approach compared with the breath-hold acquisition in healthy volunteers. Good image quality was achieved in patients while the results from breath-hold acquisition were unusable. The quantitative perfusion rates were significantly lower in chronic kidney disease patients compared with the healthy volunteers. 2D navigator-gated free breathing arterial spin labeling is feasible and is a noninvasive method to evaluate renal perfusion both in healthy subjects and those with chronic kidney disease.