Abstract
Removing plant pathogens with the sun as a free, available, clean, and sustainable source of energy is interesting. However, there is no data for disinfecting major plant pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis by solar ultraviolet radiation. To obtain the required time for killing these bacteria at different temperatures, a bacterial suspension of active growing cells (approximately 107 CFU mL-1) was prepared and subjected to heat inside a water bath. The minimum required time for killing both of the bacteria was achieved 420, 45, and 15 min at 50, 55, and 60 °C, respectively. To examine the effect of solar ultraviolet radiation, the bacteria suspensions inside a quartz tube were exposed to the sun on a horizontal surface at the constant temperature of 50 °C within the water bath (water depth: 0.1 m). Both of the bacteria were killed after one hour by receiving 95.481 kJ m-2 ultraviolet and 2.79315 MJ m-2 solar radiation doses. The synergy of heat and solar UV could considerably reduce the killing time of the bacteria (7 to 1 hours) at 50 °C. The recommended solar UV dose is 95.481 kJ m-2 for this condition.
Highlights
Worldwide predictions state that approximately 70,000 km2 annually enter the classification of the desert Şen (2015)
Pseudomonas sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis as important plant pathogenic bacteria in hydroponic systems were considered for disinfection with heat, UV, and solar radiation
This paper aims to obtain the required solar UV dose for killing two major plant pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) at a low temperature in hydroponic systems using the sun as a clean and sustainable source of energy
Summary
Worldwide predictions state that approximately 70,000 km annually enter the classification of the desert Şen (2015). The sun has thermal radiation, and its ultraviolet rays can kill pathogens (Aniruddha Bhalchandra & Jyoti Kishen 2013). Michiganensis as important plant pathogenic bacteria in hydroponic systems were considered for disinfection with heat, UV, and solar radiation. Considered treatments in some studies relate to seeds, fruits, and leaves These data are not applicable for water in hydroponic systems, surface water, and irrigation water, since the contamination form is a suspension in these cases. The required energy for heating can be declined and much water will be disinfected when a goal temperature is low. This paper aims to obtain the required solar UV dose for killing two major plant pathogenic bacteria Michiganensis) at a low temperature in hydroponic systems using the sun as a clean and sustainable source of energy. Safe agricultural production and the reduction of chemical controls are the importance of this study
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