Abstract
The research aims to use eggshells (ES) as civilian residues in the process of removing cadmium ions and reactive red dye according to international standards limits. Synthetic solutions were prepared for cadmium ions and reactive red dye using 0.2 g non-calcined and calcined ES at various temperatures (25, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ℃) as an adsorbent. The result showed the removal of cadmium ion was (60, 100%) for non-calcined and calcined ES, respectively, with the initial concentration of cd2+ (10 ppm). The removal of reactive red dye was (18.5, 98%) using non-calcined and calcined ES, respectively, at a concentration of red dye (50 ppm). The best removal time was 90 min. XRD and FTIR spectroscopy were performed and the results were identical to the main components of ES and changed with temperature increasing due to dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Highlights
It is no doubt that life on earth would not exist without water
The research aims to use eggshells (ES) as civilian residues in the process of removing cadmium ions and reactive red dye according to international standards limits
Cadmium accumulates in the human body and especially in the kidneys leads to dysfunction of the kidney with impaired re-absorption for instance, proteins, glucose, and amino acids.The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies cadmium in Class 1 as causing agent is carcinogenic to humans like lung, kidney and bones cancer[5]
Summary
It is no doubt that life on earth would not exist without water. Water quality is essential for living beings because it is mainly used for drinking, cleaning, industry, and agriculture. Dyes are organic pollutants harmful and can cause diseases to humans such as derma allergy, irritation to the skin, and cancer[2, 3]. Heavy metals are inorganic pollutants and non-degradable pollutants that their accumulation in the environment can cause harmful influences on human health, animals, and flora life[4]. The most important inorganic pollutants are heavy metals e.g. copper, lead, cadmium, and silver....etc. Cadmium is one of the most hazardous heavy metals because of its toxicity influence on human wellness. Adsorption is one of the most effective methods of removing colors, odors, oils, and organic pollutants from the process or waste effluent. ES is used as a beneficial material to produce products such as fertilizer, human supplements, animal nutrition, and as a low-cost adsorbent to treat water and gases from pollutants. The high content of calcium carbonate in ES qualifies it to be a good heavy metals adsorbent [10]
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