Abstract
In topic-related literature pertaining to the treatment of water, there is a lack of information on the influence of iron ions in highly basic polyaluminum chlorides on the efficiency of purifying water with increased contents of organic substance. The aim of this work was to determine the changes in the content of organic substances as well as iron compounds in water intended for human consumption following unit treatment processes with particular attention paid to the coagulation process. As coagulants, polyaluminium chloride PAXXL10 with an alkalinity of 70%, as well as polyaluminium chloride PAXXL1911 with an alkalinity of 85% the composition of which also contained iron, were tested. The analysis of the obtained results showed that iron compounds and organic substances were removed to the greatest extent by the coagulation process, which also had a significant influence on the final efficiency of water treatment. The effectiveness of water treatment was determined by the type of tested polyaluminum chloride, which influenced the formation of iron-organic complexes. The reason behind the formation of colored iron-organic complexes during coagulation using PAXXL1911 coagulant was the high pH (approx. 8), at which the functional groups of organic substances, due to their dissociation, are more reactive in relation to iron, and possibly the fact of introducing additional iron ions along with the coagulant.
Highlights
IntroductionThe necessity of removing organic substances from water is essential, ideally in the first processes of its treatment, seeing as how organic substances are the precursors of oxidation and disinfection by-products, and in the case of groundwater— make it difficult to remove iron compounds, forming colored and stable iron-organic complexes with iron (II) and iron (III) [1,2,3,4].Depending on the type and content of organic substances, as well as the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential, iron compounds, along with organic ligands, may form iron-organic complexes characterized by various degrees of solubility, which are difficult to remove during the conventional technological groundwater treatment system [5,6,7].According to many authors [8,9,10,11], one of the reasons behind iron being stabilized by organic substances in groundwater may be the formation of so-called protective colloids of a hydrophilic nature, which are created as a result of the adsorption of organic substances on the surface of iron (III) hydroxide
Depending on the type and content of organic substances, as well as the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential, iron compounds, along with organic ligands, may form iron-organic complexes characterized by various degrees of solubility, which are difficult to remove during the conventional technological groundwater treatment system [5,6,7]
As well as organic substances, and color and turbidity, were removed at the highest levels in the coagulation process, which had a significant effect on the final effectiveness of water purification
Summary
The necessity of removing organic substances from water is essential, ideally in the first processes of its treatment, seeing as how organic substances are the precursors of oxidation and disinfection by-products, and in the case of groundwater— make it difficult to remove iron compounds, forming colored and stable iron-organic complexes with iron (II) and iron (III) [1,2,3,4].Depending on the type and content of organic substances, as well as the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential, iron compounds, along with organic ligands, may form iron-organic complexes characterized by various degrees of solubility, which are difficult to remove during the conventional technological groundwater treatment system [5,6,7].According to many authors [8,9,10,11], one of the reasons behind iron being stabilized by organic substances in groundwater may be the formation of so-called protective colloids of a hydrophilic nature, which are created as a result of the adsorption of organic substances on the surface of iron (III) hydroxide. The necessity of removing organic substances from water is essential, ideally in the first processes of its treatment, seeing as how organic substances are the precursors of oxidation and disinfection by-products, and in the case of groundwater— make it difficult to remove iron compounds, forming colored and stable iron-organic complexes with iron (II) and iron (III) [1,2,3,4]. Depending on the type and content of organic substances, as well as the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential, iron compounds, along with organic ligands, may form iron-organic complexes characterized by various degrees of solubility, which are difficult to remove during the conventional technological groundwater treatment system [5,6,7]. Most often, during the disinfection of water, and in the water supply network, organic substances reacting with chloride as a result of a substitution reaction, form chloroorganic compounds characterized by cancerogenic and mutagenic properties
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