Abstract
Sand filtration is a primary stage of treatment for reuse of greywater. This study aimed at assessing the volatile solid removal efficiency of a sand filter and imitating its performance using analytical simulation. This study used artificial greywater, medium sand as a filtering material, and nine PVC cylinders as filter columns. Samples of the sand were collected after 6, 14 and 21 days, with the aim of specific deposit determination. The vertical distribution of specific deposit (volatile solids) in the sand filters was typical for gravitationally operated sand filters. Relatively high removal efficiency of volatile solids (51–60%) was achieved at relatively low cumulative hydraulic load. The average removal efficiency of organic compounds (detected as chemical oxygen demand) was 26.8%. Maximum specific deposit was achieved for a cumulative hydraulic load of 363.6 m. The filter coefficient was identified empirically for application of the Iwasaki formula. The filter coefficient λ was corrected for a better fit of the modelled values with measured values.
Highlights
With shrinking resources and rising costs of water treatment, the reusability of water is technologically and economically justified
Half of the population in India and China is facing water shortage [5] and two-thirds of the world’s population will face some sort of water stress by 2025 [6]. This shortage has promoted interest in finding an alternative source of water. Emerges, because it can be treated for non-potable reuse, such as flushing of toilets, irrigation, and washing, saving up to 30–60% of household water consumption [7,8]
The aim of this study was to assess the removal efficiency of a sand filter used for mechanical greywater treatment, as the primary treatment stage, and to simulate its performance using the
Summary
With shrinking resources and rising costs of water treatment (for example in sand filter), the reusability of water is technologically and economically justified. Half of the population in India and China is facing water shortage [5] and two-thirds of the world’s population will face some sort of water stress by 2025 [6]. This shortage has promoted interest in finding an alternative source of water. Low-load greywater, which excludes kitchen sources, was found to be responsible for up to 70–75% of the total domestic wastewater volume, and shows feasibility for treatment and reuse because of its characteristics and composition [10,11]. The amount of greywater generated per person varies among countries and territories, and is dependent on several factors, e.g. 70–140 dm3 /person in developed countries, 127–151 dm3 /person in the United States, and 20–30 dm3 /person in developing countries [12,13,14]
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