Abstract
This study determined the influence of different cooking procedures on the removal of toxic elements (TEs) including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) along with other nutrient elements from different commercially available rice brands sold in Bangladeshi markets. We observed 33%, 35%, and 27% average removal of As, Cd, and Pb accordingly from rice when cooked with a rice to water ratio of 1:6 after washing 5 times. We also found a significant reduction in essential elements: Zn (17%), Cu (10%), Mn (22%), Se (49%), and Mo (22%), when rice cooking was performed as in traditional practice. Daily dietary intakes were found to be between 0.36 and 1.67 µg/kgbw for As, 0.06 and 1.15 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.04 and 0.17 µg/kgbw for Pb when rice was cooked by the rice cooker method (rice:water 1:2), while in the traditional method (rice:water 1:6) daily intake rates ranged from 0.23 to 1.3 µg/kgbw for As, 0.04 to 0.88 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.03 to 0.15 µg/kgbw for Pb for adults. The HQ and ILCR for As, Cd, and Pb revealed that there is a possibility of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for As but no appreciable risk for Cd and Pb from consumption of rice.
Highlights
We focused on different washing methods along with cooking procedures using various rice to water ratios
We found that the mean Cd concentration in rice grains collected from different districts of Bangladesh was
Study from Bangladesh reported Cd concentration in raw rice was 33.1 ± 8.5 μg/kg, which was significantly lower than our findings [49]
Summary
Rice contains various micro- and macronutrients including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and molybdenum (Mo), which make it suitable for uptake of these nutrients for the people of Asian countries who can rarely afford expensive fruits or other food items. Apart from these nutrients, rice is considered as an exposure source to multiple toxic elements (TEs) including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Both As and Cd are toxic elements, recognized as Class I carcinogens. The dietary intake of As and Cd and the health risk to people consuming contaminated rice have been reported globally [11–17]
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