Removal of Rhodamine 6G from Aqueous Effluents by Electrocoagulation in a Batch Reactor: Assessment of Operational Parameters and Process Mechanism

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of operating conditions and establish the mechanism of xanthene dye removal from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation (EC) using a batch-stirred cell operated under galvanostatic regime. The influence of the operating parameters such as: initial pH and dye concentration, electrolysis time, current density, electrode configuration, and electrical current type on the EC performances was investigated. EC tests were performed at current density values ranging from 45 to 109 A/m, initial dye concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 1 g/L, and initial pH values adjusted in the range from 3 to 9. The effects of several electrode configurations (aluminum–aluminum, mild steel–mild steel, and aluminum–mild steel) and current regimes (direct current and alternating pulsed current) on the removal efficiency and energy and material consumption are also discussed. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed in order to elucidate the decolorization mechanism of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye by EC in aqueous solutions. With this aim in view, chemical coagulation tests were also carried out. The best performance was obtained when the EC process was conducted with iron-based electrode configuration in alternative pulse current (APC) mode. It was found that the removal of R6G is due to the co-precipitation of polymeric iron flocs with the phenyl-xanthene radicals remained in the bulk solution after the demethylation and deamination processes. Furthermore, the flocs are separated by flotation with the support of the molecular hydrogen generated at the cathode (in particular at relatively high values of current density) or by sedimentation.