Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used for treating water containing pharmaceuticals (15–150μgL−1), discharging a permeate practically free of contaminants, and the concentrate was treated with mild solar photo-Fenton operated at pH5–6, low iron (5mgFe2+L−1) and hydrogen peroxide concentrations (<25mgL−1). The pharmaceuticals selected for this study were carbamazepine, flumequine, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole, dissolved in natural water. NF used two 5.2-m2 membranes operated in parallel and in batch mode. Solar photo-Fenton experiments were carried out in a 3-m2 CPC solar pilot plant having a total volume of 35L. Concentration of five pharmaceuticals at 15μgL−1 by NF produced a permeate containing less than 1.5% of the initial concentration of pharmaceuticals and a concentrated stream containing around 150μgL−1 of each compound. Solar photo-Fenton process applied to this stream led to a reduction of 88% and 89% in treatment time and hydrogen peroxide consumption, respectively, compared to solar photo-Fenton-only, demonstrating the advantage of a proper combination between NF and advanced oxidation processes.
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