Abstract
Nowadays, antibiotics have been found in the effluents of many pharmaceutical industries and hospitals, sanitary sewage, surface water and groundwater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide modified montmorillonite (HDTMA-Mt) as an inexpensive and suitable adsorbent for the removal of Penicillin G from aqueous solutions. The experiments were conducted in a batch system. The effects of different variables including surfactant loading onto the clay, solution pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration and temperature were investigated on the removal of Penicillin G. Surface properties of the clay were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Various isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetics (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models) of adsorption were studied for the data evaluation. The findings indicated that the sorption capacity of the modified clay was found to be 88.5 mg/g over 60 min contact time at pH 9. The pseudo-second kinetic (R2 = 0.999) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.915) models best fitted the experimental data of Penicillin G by the adsorbent. The negative values of ΔG at higher temperature and positive value of ΔH showed the endothermic and spontaneously sorption of the drug by the clay. It can be concluded that the modified clay can be considered as a cheap and eco-friendly sorbent for the removal of Penicillin G from water and wastewater.
Highlights
Subject area: More specific subject area: Protocol name: Reagents/tools: Experimental design: Trial registration: Ethics: Environmental sciences Wastewater treatment
The effects of different parameters such as surfactant loading rate onto the clay, solution pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration and temperature were explored on the sorption of Penicillin G from aqueous phase The sorption process was conducted in batch mode by 100 mL of the drug solutions containing the clay adsorbent No applicable No applicable
HDTMA-Mt as a cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent was used for the removal of Penicillin G from aqueous media
Summary
30 g of montmorillonite clay was dissolved in one liter of distilled water. The suspension was mixed at room temperature (25 C) using a mechanical stirrer (600 rpm for 24 h), and after that it was centrifuged (6000 rpm for 15 min). The above process resulted in the separation of impurities such as quartz and iron oxide in the bottom of clay. The impurities were separated and the treated clay was dried (60 C for 24 h). The purified clay was ground and sieved to 125 mm [12]. The above purification action increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 86 meq to 108 meq per 100 g of the clay. The obtained clay was modified by different loading rates of HDTMA and used in the experiments
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