Abstract
Stricter environmental regulations regarding the discharge of toxic metals require developing various technologies for the removal of these metals from polluted effluents. The removal of toxic metal ions using immobilized membranes with doped ligands is a promising approach for enhancing environmental quality, because of the high selectivity and removal efficiency, high stability, and low energy requirements of the membranes. Cellulose triacetate-based polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), with calix[4]resorcinarene derivative as an ion carrier, were analyzed to determine their ability for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of ion carrier concentration, plasticizer amount, pH of source aqueous phase, and receiving agents on the effective transport of Pb(II) were determined. All studied parameters were found to be important factors for the transport of Pb(II) ions. The PIM containing calix[4]resorcinarene derivative as an ion carrier showed high stability and excellent transport activity for selective removal of Pb(II) from the battery industry effluent, with a separation efficiency of 90%.
Highlights
The presence of heavy metals in the environment is very harmful because of their toxicity
It is very important to mitigate the environmental risk posed by these heavy metals
The contamination of water bodies by toxic metal ions has steadily increased over the last years because of overpopulation, improper hazardous waste storage, and industrial activities [1]
Summary
The presence of heavy metals in the environment is very harmful because of their toxicity. It is very important to mitigate the environmental risk posed by these heavy metals. The contamination of water bodies by toxic metal ions has steadily increased over the last years because of overpopulation, improper hazardous waste storage, and industrial activities [1]. Lead (Pb(II)) is a toxic metal that is mainly introduced into the environment through various industrial applications such as batteries, fuels, paints, constructions, and foundries. Because of its toxicity and nonbiodegradable nature, Pb(II) contamination has attracted attention worldwide [2,3]. Pb(II) adversely affects various body systems, including the neurologic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems.
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