Abstract
The prospective utilization of bael shell (Aegle marmelos) as an agro-waste for the production of biochar was investigated along with its characterization and application for the abatement of hazardous aqueous Patent Blue (PB) dye solution. The sorptive removal of PB on bael shell biochar (BSB) was investigated under the following operational conditions: (pH, 2.7–10.4; biochar dosage, 2–12 g/L; and contact time, 0–60 min). The removal efficiency of PB by BSB in a batch adsorption experiment was 74% (pH 2.7 and 30 ± 5 °C). In addition, a clear relationship between the adsorption and pH of the solution was noticed and the proposed material recorded a maximum sorption capacity of 3.7 mg/g at a pH of 2.7. The adsorption of PB onto BSB was best explained by the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.972), thereby asserting the predominant role of chemisorption. The active role of multiple surface-active functionalities present on BSB during PB sorption was elucidated with the help of Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.968). Further, an adsorption mechanism was proposed by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Highlights
Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) is a readily available common fruit widely accessible throughout the regions of India and mostly concentrated in the eastern Gangetic belt region [1]
This study focused on the abatement of Patent Blue (PB) (V) dye from aqueous solutions through the effective utilization of Bael Shell Biochar (BSB)
The characterized BSB was utilized for the adsorption of PB (V) dye, which was observed to greatly depend upon the pH of the aqueous solution
Summary
Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) is a readily available common fruit widely accessible throughout the regions of India and mostly concentrated in the eastern Gangetic belt region [1]. The inner portion of the bael fruit is edible. Bael fruit has several medicinal uses in diseases such as piles, edema, jaundice, obesity, pediatric disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, vomiting, gynecological disorders, urinary complaints and as a rejuvenate [2]. Upon the consumption of fruit, the bael shell (BS) is discarded as a waste product. In this research, the bael shell has been effectively utilized as a biomass feed for synthesizing bio-char and the physicochemical properties of the resulting bio-char are evaluated and analyzed. It is found that bael shell contains a large number of micro-porous sites, making it a prospective sorbent for the abatement of aqueous contaminants [3]
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