Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are non-protein neurotoxins produced by saltwater dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria. The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 (in viable and non-viable forms) to remove PSTs (saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (GTX2/3), C-toxins 1 and 2 (C1/2)) from neutral and acidic solution (pH 7.3 and 2) was examined using HPLC. Binding decreased in the order of STX ~ neoSTX > C2 > GTX3 > GTX2 > C1. Removal of STX and neoSTX (77%–97.2%) was significantly greater than removal of GTX3 and C2 (33.3%–49.7%). There were no significant differences in toxin removal capacity between viable and non-viable forms of lactobacilli, which suggested that binding rather than metabolism is the mechanism of the removal of toxins. In general, binding was not affected by the presence of other organic molecules in solution. Importantly, this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of specific probiotic lactic bacteria to remove PSTs, particularly the most toxic PST-STX, from solution. Further, these results warrant thorough screening and assessment of safe and beneficial microbes for their usefulness in the seafood and water industries and their effectiveness in vivo.
Highlights
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) belong to a family of neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria [1] and marine dinoflagellates [2,3]
The effect of an acidic environment on bacterial removal of PSTs was investigated, as this information is useful for application in acidic foods and in vivo, since both bacteria and PSTs pass through the acidic stomach prior to the intestine
There was no significant difference between the removal of STX from the pure mix and C2 from the extract and between the removal of GTX2 and either C1 or GTX3/C2 from the extract
Summary
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) belong to a family of neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) [1] and marine dinoflagellates (red tide) [2,3]. The level of PSTs in contaminated water itself is insufficient to cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. The incidence of human paralytic shellfish poisoning has been increasing, causing a severe public health problem, as well as problems for the food industry. Specific probiotic lactic acid bacteria have previously been shown to inactivate potent food-borne toxins, including aflatoxin B1 and other mycotoxins, as well as mutagenic dietary heterocyclic aromatic amines, to varying degrees [9,10]. The effectiveness of two probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG (GG) and LC-705 (LC-705) (in viable and non-viable forms), in removing six PSTs from acidic or neutral solutions, which represent pH variation in the gastrointestinal tract, was investigated using HPLC
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