Abstract
Commercial production of titanium involves chlorination using chlorine gas that can be converted to hydrochloric acid by atmospheric moisture and is hazardous to human health. In the titanium production process, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is one of the process to directly reduce titanium dioxide. In this work, titanium powder was prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis using titanium dioxide as the starting material and magnesium powder as a reducing agent. After the reaction, magnesium and magnesium oxide by-products were then removed by acid leaching under different leaching conditions, leaving behind pure Ti. During each leaching condition, the temperature of the leaching solution was carefully monitored. After leaching, the recovered titanium in the form of a powder was collected, washed with water and dried in a vacuum oven. Detailed compositional, structural, and morphological analyses were performed to determine the presence of residual reaction by-products. It was found that leaching in 0.4 M hydrochloric acid followed by second leaching in 7.5 M hydrochloric acid is the optimum leaching condition. Furthermore, it was also noticed that total volume of solution in 0.4 M hydrochloric acid leaching condition is advantageous to maintain uniform temperature during the process.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) is commonly used in the aerospace, chemical, petrochemical, maritime, and biomedical fields due to its outstanding properties, including low density, high corrosion resistance, high specific strength, and biocompatibility [1,2]
Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is used as a raw material in the Fray Farthing Chen (FFC), Ono and Suzuki (OS), preform reduction process (PRP), and hydrogen-assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) processes, while TiCl4 is used in the Kroll and Armstrong processes
The use of heat treatment would further lower the oxygen of by-products including Mg and MgO was studied using the magnesiothermic reduction content
Summary
Titanium (Ti) is commonly used in the aerospace, chemical, petrochemical, maritime, and biomedical fields due to its outstanding properties, including low density, high corrosion resistance, high specific strength, and biocompatibility [1,2]. While the Kroll process can produce high-quality titanium, it is a batch-type process and is costly, has a low productivity, and presents an environmental hazard because of the release of chlorine gas [4]. For these reasons, researchers have been attempting to replace the Kroll process with new titanium production processes such as the Fray Farthing Chen (FFC) Cambridge process [5], Ono and Suzuki (OS) process [6], preform reduction process (PRP) [7], Armstrong process [8,9], and hydrogen-assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) process [10]. TiO2 is much more difficult to reduce than TiCl4 because the Ti‒O and Ti‒Ti
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