Abstract
The study was focused on the preparation and characterizations of sodium periodate-modified nanocellulose (NaIO4-NC) prepared from Eichhornia crassipes for the removal of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater (WW). A chemical method was used for the preparation of NaIO4-NC. The prepared NaIO4-NC adsorbent was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) instruments. Next, it was tested to the adsorption of MB dye from WW using batch experiments. The adsorption process was performed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with maximum adsorption efficiency (qmax) of 90.91 mg·g−1 and percent color removal of 78.1% at optimum 30 mg·L−1, 60 min., 1 g, and 8 values of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, and solution pH, respectively. Pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model was well fitted for the adsorption of MB dye through the chemisorption process. The adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible from the thermodynamic study because the Gibbs free energy value was negative. After adsorption, the decreased values for physicochemical parameters of WW were observed in addition to the color removal. From the regeneration study, it is possible to conclude that NaIO4-NC adsorbent was recyclable and reused as MB dye adsorption for 13 successive cycles without significant efficient loss.
Highlights
Textile industries have been a major contributor to the world economy
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of NaIO4NC obtained by acid hydrolysis before and after adsorption are shown in Figure 3(a). e spectral bands at 3406 cm−1 before and after adsorption indicated the presence of O–H stretching vibrations of cellulose I; those at 2853–2925 cm−1 before and after adsorption indicated the presence of C–H stretching; those at 1730 cm−1 before and after adsorption indicated the presence of C–O stretching vibration of aldehyde groups due to the addition of NaIO4 to NC; those at 1058 cm−1 and 1040 cm−1 before and after adsorption, respectively, indicated C–O–C stretching of cellulose I [39]
E presence of this band in the NC spectra is interesting since it is an indication that cellulosic material may have not been lost during the acid hydrolysis. e additional band appears at 599.9 cm−1 maybe due to the interaction between adsorbent/adsorbate confirming the adsorption of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye on negatively charged NaIO4-NC adsorbent surface [12] and it indicates that the roles of alkyl halides functional groups such as C–I in the adsorption process of MB onto the adsorbents were significant
Summary
Textile industries have been a major contributor to the world economy. E majority of dyeing manufacturing industries have a high contaminating footprint, and it is estimated that up to 200,000 tons of dyes are discharged into water bodies because of inefficient wastewater treatment processes [1]. Despite the valuable uses of MB in science, the dye has harmful effects on humans and the environment because of its water solubility. It is noxious, a mutagenic reagent and is supposed to be a cancer-causing dye [3]. MB is possibly harmful to human health and contributes to causing chronic toxicity [4], predominantly to the central nervous system [5]. MB is possibly harmful to human health and contributes to causing chronic toxicity [4], predominantly to the central nervous system [5]. e effluent produced from the textile industry is seriously colored, encompasses high concentrations of salts, and shows high biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand values. us, there is a crucial requirement to remove MB for an improved and cleaner environment and health [6]
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