Abstract
Removal of Fluoride Ion by Silicon Nitride Powder
Highlights
Fluoride ion contamination of ground water has been recognized in numerous parts of world [1]
As indicated by the World Health Organizations (WHO), the highest admissible limit of fluoride ions is 1.5 mg/L in drinking water while the acceptable fluoride ions concentrations lies in the scope of 0.5 - 1.5 mg/L according to the APHA models [4]
Percent removal when SNA was used with varying temperature decreased from 79.0% to 66.5% at temperature of 20 to 80°C, when SNB was used the adsorptions rate decreased from 81.2% to 76.8% at temperature of 20°C to 80°C, while using SNC, the adsorptions rate decreased from 80.8% to 61.0% at temperature of 20°C 80, respectively. These results indicate that high temperatures work against defluoridations by silicon nitride
Summary
Fluoride ion contamination of ground water has been recognized in numerous parts of world [1]. The common source of fluoride ions contaminations happens through soil and rock arrangement as fluorapatite, fluorspar and amphiboles, geochemical stores, normal water system and earth crust [2]. Wastewaters containing high measures of fluoride ions are generated by warm power plants; rubber, glass, fertilizer, ceramic productions; and electroplating industries (WHO, 1997). Fluoride ion is viewed as helpful at optimum levels. It is vital for the strongness of bones and teeth. On the other hand at elevated amounts it leads to mottling and embrittlement of teeth, a condition called dental fluorosis. Extended exposure of fluoride ions at certain level lead to skeletal fluorosis [3]. As indicated by the World Health Organizations (WHO), the highest admissible limit of fluoride ions is 1.5 mg/L in drinking water while the acceptable fluoride ions concentrations lies in the scope of 0.5 - 1.5 mg/L according to the APHA models [4]
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