Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in low quality water using Moringa oleifera seed extract as coagulant

H.H Petersen,T.B Petersen,H.L Enemark,A Olsen,A Dalsgaard

doi:10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.03.002

H.H Petersen, T.B Petersen + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.03.002

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Abstract

The use of different types of low quality water for irrigation in agriculture is common practice in many countries due to limited freshwater resources. Pathogens may contaminate fruit and vegetables when feces contaminated water is used for irrigation or postharvest processing. A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the effect of a coagulant produced from seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree (MO) in reducing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and turbidity in wastewater and stream water. Glass jars (n=60) containing 500mL wastewater obtained from the inlet to the primary settling tanks from a Danish sewage treatment plant were spiked with 6.1x105±6.2×104oocystsL−1, while glass jars (n=18) containing 500mL stream water were spiked with approx. 100, 1000 or 10,000 oocysts. To half of the wastewater and stream water 4mLL−1 of a 5% w/v MO seed extract was added, while the remaining water was left untreated. The water was stirred slowly for 20min and subsequently left to sediment for 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90min (wastewater) or 60min (stream water), with three (stream water) or six (wastewater) replicate glass jars representing each time point. In wastewater, MO seed extracts reduced the C. parvum oocyst load significantly (p=0.03) by 38% in the interval 15 to 90min compared to a 0.02% reduction in the untreated wastewater. Furthermore, the number of oocysts L−1 was significantly (p>0.0001–p=0.041) reduced in the treated wastewater at all five sampling times compared to untreated wastewater. Likewise, the oocyst loads in the supernatant of MO treated stream water were noticeably lower compared with untreated stream water at all three spikes. The turbidity was reduced to 10.9±0.3 Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) (i.e. 94.7% reduction) and 13.7±2.1NTU (i.e. 91.7% reduction) in the treated wastewater and stream water, respectively. In contrast, the turbidity was 55.3±4.4NTU and 46.2±1.6NTU in untreated wastewater and stream water, respectively. M. oleifera seeds are readily available in many tropical countries where the tree is common, and our results clearly demonstrate that MO seed extract may be used by farmers for treatment of different types of surface water prior to irrigation use. Yet, adding MO seed extract to the low quality water did not successfully remove all oocyst. However, treatment of wastewater with MO seed extract significantly improved the water quality with regard to number of oocysts present and turbidity of the water. Further experiments with addition of higher concentrations of MO are needed to establish whether MO seed extract can be used to obtain safe irrigation water free of C. parvum oocysts and other protozoan parasites.

Highlights

An estimated 90% of wastewater in developing countries undergoes no treatment (Corcoran et al, 2010)
The turbidity in the stream water was reduced by 91.7% following 60 min of sedimentation, corresponding to 13.7 ± 2.1 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), while the final turbidity in the untreated stream water was 46.2 ± 1.6 NTU, representing 70.4% lower turbidity in the treated stream water compared to untreated wastewater. In this laboratory-based study, 60% fewer C. parvum oocysts paralleled by 80.3% lower turbidity was obtained following 90 min of sedimentation in wastewater treated with 4 mL L−1 of 5% Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extract compared with untreated wastewater
This documented effect of increased sedimentation of oocysts in wastewater following treatment with MO seed extract agrees with the results obtained previously for other microorganisms, i.e. helminth eggs, schistosome cercariae and fecal bacteria (Madsen et al, 1987; Olsen, 1987; Sengupta et al, 2012b)

Summary

Introduction

An estimated 90% of wastewater in developing countries undergoes no treatment (Corcoran et al, 2010). An estimated 60% of the formal irrigation (irrigation systems developed and managed by the government) in Ghana is by low quality water collected directly from these streams, rivers or from on-farm ponds containing river or drainage water (Obuobie et al, 2006). A major health risk associated with irrigation by feces contaminated waters are pathogens including oocysts of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Amoros et al (2010) demonstrated 47.5 oocysts L−1 in water used for irrigation of lettuce in Spain and in Mexico, 98% of irrigation water samples contained Cryptosporidium, Giardia or both parasites (Chaidez et al, 2005)

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