Abstract
Industrial wastewaters often contain mobile and toxic anions that cannot be removed by precipitation techniques and most known adsorbents. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are excellent scavengers of anions; however, their use in real applications is of minor importance owing to their swelling behavior and high cost of production. The performed research shows the possibility of obtaining Mg/Fe LDH using natural magnesite. Moreover, heterostructured LDH/halloysite materials were synthesized. The adsorption efficiency of these materials was very high in both single- and multi-element systems, confirming the LDH selectivity. This was with the exception of wastewaters containing a high concentration of chlorides, which clearly hampered the removal of Cr(VI) and S(VI). The measurements indicated that LDH dissolution took place to a small extent (<10 wt%). The LDH/halloysite materials showed lower efficiency than the raw LDH; however, the clay presence has several benefits in terms of future applications: (i) it significantly reduces the pH, especially in contrast to the calcined LDH, which enables the reuse or safe disposal of purified water; (ii) it reduces swelling of the composite, which opens the possibility for applications in column adsorption; (iii) it induces dual adsorption properties through additional cation adsorption; and (iv) it substantially lowers the price of the adsorbent.
Highlights
The continuous development of different industrial branches generates wastewaters of complex chemical composition, which subsequently increases the water pollution
Many materials have been designed for the removal of cationic heavy metals including nanoparticles, carbon-based materials [3,4], and clay minerals mostly of natural origin [5,6], as well as their hybrids [7,8,9]
The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis (DTA)
Summary
The continuous development of different industrial branches generates wastewaters of complex chemical composition, which subsequently increases the water pollution. Many materials have been designed for the removal of cationic heavy metals including nanoparticles, carbon-based materials (e.g., iron oxides, activated carbon, graphene oxides) [3,4], and clay minerals mostly of natural origin [5,6], as well as their hybrids [7,8,9]. The hybrids, in particular include clays and other solids, which play the role of supports for, as examples, magnetic nanoparticles, iron oxides, or zerovalent iron. Such an approach improves the stability and efficiency of the resulting hybrid composite.
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