Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from the almond shell after its pretreatment with an acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride/oxalic acid under microwave irradiation. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the spectrum of the isolated (MCC) includes an additional peak at 1747.0 cm−1 which refers to the (C=O) esters and carboxylic peak. This indicates that the MCC surface has undergone simultaneous partial esterification during the isolation process. Owing to its favorable structural and morphological properties, the isolated MCC was successfully employed for the adsorption of aqueous Pb2+ ions with (50 mg/g) efficiency using a 3.0 g/L adsorbent dose at pH (6.5) and 20 °C. The adsorption was spontaneous near the ambient temperature, pH dependent, and exothermic. The Coulomb forces are the foremost adsorption driving force. The reusing of the spent DES and adsorbent for four successive rounds, affirmed their applicability on industrial scales.
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