Abstract
Abstract Antimony is a pollutant that is classified as high priority by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU). In this work, a hybrid coagulation–flocculation–ultrafiltration (CF–UF) process was developed to remove antimony (III) from polluted surface water, and the process parameters, including the ferric coagulant (FC) dose, pH and initial contaminant loading, were systematically optimized. The results indicated that the optimum FC dose and solution pH range were 0.4 mM and 7.1–9.0, respectively. Under these conditions, the antimony (III) concentrations in the CF–UF effluent were as low as 1.0–2.0 μg L−1, which is significantly lower than drinking water standards (USEPA,
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