Abstract
The presence of residual antibiotics in water results in the development of antibiotics resistant genes. The available wastewater treatment systems are not capable of removing such antibiotics from sewage. Thus, antibiotics need to be removed before the discharge of wastewater. Adsorption is among the promising techniques for the wastewater treatment to aid the removal of a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants. The present work is a contribution to the search for an economical method for the removal of low concentrations of amoxicillin (AMX) from water by adsorption on water treatment residue, WTR, taken from a local drinking water facility. The chemical composition and the adsorptive characteristics of the material were first evaluated using energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS, and sorption of methylene blue, respectively. The porous character of the sorbent was modified by ignition. The application of the WTR for the adsorption of AMX was studied under various operating conditions including sorbent dosage, 2-20 g/L at room temperature; contact time 30-240 min.; and initial concentration range of the antibiotic, 0.00004-0.00012 M. facility. To aid the experimental work, statistical software was employed to design the experiments and evaluation of the results. Graphical and mathematical relationships have been established for the adsorption efficiency with the operating conditions. The adsorption capacity was calculated from the plot of the adsorbed drug against the sorbent content and found to be 19.966 µmol/g WTR. The sorption efficiency depends on the initial concentration and being better at low concentration (0.00004 M) and equilibrium time (within 100 mins.). The optimum conditions of the adsorption are: AMX Concentration, 0.00004 M; Contact time. The optimum conditions of the adsorption are: AMX Concentration, 0.00004 M; Contact time, 90 min., and WTR content of 15.5 g/L to give removal efficiency of 89.2%.
Highlights
Antibiotics are uniquely effective and selective on pathogenic bacteria, in both human and veterinary medicine for therapeutic treatment of infections related diseases, [1]
The antibiotic usage increased rapidly and concern focused on their residues in the environment as it can induce antibiotic resistant genes from extended exposure at relatively low concentrations [2]
Different clay materials were evaluated by Maia, et al, [23] for the removal of amoxicillin and other medicines like caffeine, propranolol, and diclofenac sodium from aqueous solutions and gave removal efficiency varied between 23-98 % for amoxicillin
Summary
Antibiotics are uniquely effective and selective on pathogenic bacteria, in both human and veterinary medicine for therapeutic treatment of infections related diseases, [1]. Partial removal of antibiotics may be performed by adsorption on river sediments and the process is influenced by their iron and organic contents [9]. It is important, to remove antibiotic residues before discharging wastewater into the environment but the process is usually costly. The relative costs and outcomes of these processes are very expensive [12, 13] Even though, they are difficult to maintain regarding the total removal of compounds including antibiotics at industrial scale. The efficiency of the removal was 60-70% for a 200 mg/L solution of amoxicillin using a dose of 600 mg/L adsorbent Both oxidation and adsorption techniques have their advantages and limitations. Graphene oxide (GO) and magnetite GO were employed for the adsorption of amoxicillin by Moradi, [25]
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