Removal of alkylphenols from polluted sites using surfactant-assisted soil washing and photocatalysis

Abstract

Surfactant-assisted soil washing and photocatalysis are well-known remediation processes of environmental concern. The application of photocatalysis to treat soil washing extracts containing 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-tert-butylphenol in the presence of nonionic (C(12)E(8) and C(12)E(23)) and anionic (SDS) surfactants and some of their binary mixtures was investigated in this work by studying the pollutants degradation in the presence of TiO(2) dispersions irradiated with simulated solar light. Clean soil samples were spiked with the investigated alkylphenols. Aqueous solutions of the chosen surfactants were placed in contact for some hours with the spiked soil samples in a rotatory mixer. The pollutants recoveries were evaluated via HPLC analysis. Photocatalytic experiments were performed in solarbox on aqueous solutions and on aqueous surfactant solutions containing the pollutants. The pollutants removal from the soil was proven effective using the examined surfactant solutions. The photocatalytic treatment of the wastes was faster using Brij 35, but also SDS and C(12)E(8)-SDS mixtures can be applied. After 2-5 h the complete pollutants abatement was obtained, depending on the surfactant chosen and on the amount of TiO(2) employed. On the contrary, the treatment of wastes containing C(12)E(8) was an extremely slow process. The photocatalytic approach can be applied to remove the examined aromatic pollutants from the washing wastes, confirming the viable coupling between this advanced oxidation method and the surfactant-based soil remediation treatments. Surfactant adsorption onto TiO(2) and micelles concentration play a dominant role.